The Hippie Legacy

The Hippie Legacy. – Counterculture movement; began in US, spread to UK; big from 1965, declined in 1970s; white, 15-25 of age, mostly students; seen as wasters, druggies, idiots, green-freaks; heavily influenced by music (Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles); easily identified by their style – tried to distance themselves from conventional, structured styles. Britain: in Britain, there had always been an artsy, bohemian underground; widely known as ‘the underground’, even though media tried to dub them Flower Children in London; What did they do? eld sit-ins in universities, protested for rights; promoted ‘free love’ and ‘love and peace’; went to festivals such as the Knebworth Festival; experimented with drugs – cannabis, hallucinogens (LSD); often denounced alcohol; -> overall, dejected anything mainstream and conventional, thus many were seen as wasters, bums and as being useless. Legacy: movement declined in 1970s, after the infa mous ‘summer of love’, 1967. Social legacy: a couple can live together out of marriage and not be judged. wider rights for gay, lesbian, transsexual people. sexual topics are less of a taboo. eminist movement – women played a large role in hippie movement; many, both men and women, chose to go naked, creating an equality and freedom throughout. some argue that hippie movement led to wider integration of black people – many see this as being untrue as very view black people were involved in this movement; the black rights movement happened at the same time, so the results of the two could be blurred. Style legacy: long hair and facial hair were unacceptable before the 1960s; long, flowy dresses and skirts; colourful flower patterns, light materials, dip-dye; flowers worn in hair, peace sign accessories.Cultural legacy: The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix Experience; folk, psychedelic rock -> many current bands would use these as their musical influences. the Glastonb ury Festival in England is to this day considered to be the largest gathering of hippies throughout the world. in Britain, the summer of 1988 became known as ‘The Second Summer of Love’ as a hippie revival descended; it held much of the same ideologies as the original movement and was heavily driven by electronic and ‘acid’ music. eligion: religious and cultural diversity became more widely acceptable – in 2005, Oliver Benjamin, a former hippie, founded The Church of Latter-Day Dude, based on a character called The Dude in a 1998 movie ‘The Big Lebowski’. This became known as ‘Dudeism’. The epigraph on their website states: ‘Come join the slowest-growing religion in the world – Dudeism. An ancient philosophy that preaches non-preachiness, practices as little as possible, and above all, uh†¦lost my train of thought there. Anyway, if you’d like to find peace on earth and goodwill, man, we’ll hel p you get started.Right after a little nap’. environmental: started the concept of ‘Reduce, Reuse, Recycle’. Greenpeace, founded in 1971 by a dozen men – half environmentalists, half hippies. promoted organic living, which is currently very popular, especially amongst celebrities. Article in The Telegraph, 2007: ‘The hippy ideals that outlasted the 1960s’ â€Å"The 1960s were not, it appears, just a passing phase. A survey to mark the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love shows the hippy ethos has moulded our views on everything from war, government, sex, fashion, food and the environment.Almost half of Britons (46 per cent) agree with the slogan Make Love Not War and 49 per cent are opposed to nuclear weapons, a YouGov poll for Reader's Digest found. One in 10 have taken part in an anti-war protest while just over a third think there is never any excuse for war. Just under a third disagree with party politics – much like hippies, who were largely against the party system and preferred to focus on single issues like the environment.The idea of â€Å"free love† has also become mainstream, with 75 per cent agreeing with sex before marriage and one in 10 saying they would have multiple sexual partners. More than a third said they had taken marijuana, while 43 per cent said they were open to meditation and 25 per cent believe in astrology. The sounds of the 60s have also endured, according to the poll. Some 84 per cent of Britons are able to hum or recite at least part of Yellow Submarine and 79 per cent know Puff the Magic Dragon’.

From the Perspective of the Priest Child Abuser Essay

The article â€Å"A Priest Child Abuser Speaks† from the book Slayer of the Soul was contributed by a priest who wishes to remain anonymous. He is a self-confessed child abuser during his priesthood, and by writing this, he wishes to share his experiences and his gradual climb back into society. He also believes that writing this article would provide a lesson for both the victimizers and their victims, and hopes that the victimizers would avoid committing such hideous wrongs towards their victims. In the article, the priest shares his journey of self-realization as he slowly vaporized the demon that was poisoning his soul and coercing him to do such crimes against children. The priest recalls that he was convicted for abusing children — sexually, psychologically, and emotionally — in the 1980s, and sentenced to 14 months in a minimum security facility. He believes that he was lucky, knowing that a similar child-abusing priest was sentenced for 20 years of hard labor. The priest mentions that life was tough for him both inside and outside of prison. He felt that a lot of people resented him for what he did to children, and believed that what happened was just a lie, no matter how true it was. Some officers, notably a lieutenant who hated him, bullied and toyed with him. Other prisoners were disgusted at his presence, refused to befriend him, or intimidated him often. For his size, he thought that he would not stand a chance, and he saw that avoiding conflict was the best solution. However, not all of these people resented him or was afraid of him. He recalls making some friends while in prison, ranging from guards to cell mates. They supported him and were sympathetic of him, especially at the time when the lieutenant’s abusive nature went a bit overboard. While in prison, he fought for the system to give him therapy for the â€Å"sickness† he believes that he was carrying. He won that appeal, and the court sent him to therapy twice a week. The Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (SLAA) provided the opportunity for him to realize the root from which this sickness stemmed. While trying to heal himself, he also experienced rejection from close friends and acquaintances. Life was certainly difficult for him who was branded as a â€Å"child abuser,† which is why he wanted to reform himself in order to reenter society. During his SLAA therapies, he recalled his childhood which was filled with fear, anxiety, misfortune, and harassment. It was at that time when he idolized his parish scoutmaster and weirdly fell in love with him, prompting him into having a sexual relationship with him. It was a very traumatic experience that he knew he had to pull out from. He deducted that this might be the root of his â€Å"sickness† all along, as it was reinforced by an authority figure that it was â€Å"okay† to do it. He was also searching for a father figure, since his real father abandoned him and his family, and his mother declared him as the head of the household. When he entered the parish, he wished to help the children who had no father figure and had an emotionally miserable life. Things boiled over, and pretty soon, he was sexually involved with these young boys. One boy told his parents, and this made him realize his mistake. He mustered the strength to tell their parents that they need immediate therapy, but was arrested in the process when one therapist told the police about him. When he finally got out of prison, he wanted to mend the ties with his family and clear things up with them. However, they failed to â€Å"hear him out,† which was the reason that drove him into an unstable state in the first place. He confronted his scoutmaster and felt betrayed by his insights on the issue involving child abuse, telling him that it was wrong while he was regretting the fact that he believed in his scoutmaster. The damage has been done to him, and he believes that he needs to accept the consequences of his actions and just move on. He mentions that it left a black hole in his life, upon which he was initially placing things to fill that void. However, he realized that it was not the right course of action as he was building his life around that hole, completely avoiding it. Thus, he wished to enter the ministry again in order to help others that are trapped in the same dark cell in which he broke out from, although not completely. The priest mentions that gradually, he was able to recover his life and reform himself into the person that everyone knew before the incident. He was also able to reenter society as himself once again. Hence, he wishes to share his experiences to the world through this article in order to let people know that victims could become victimizers themselves one day, if they are not treated immediately. References A priest child abuser speaks. (1990). In S. J. Rossetti (Ed. ), Slayer of the Soul: Child Abuse and the Catholic Church (pp. 99-111). Mystic, CT: Twenty-Third Publications.

Macroeconomics Article Commentary Essay

The worst problems surrounding youth unemployment in Scotland are not over, a Scottish Government Minister told MSPs today. Despite statistics showing a rise in jobs on offer, Minister for Youth Employment Angela Constance said that such a claim would be foolish. She said that improvements in Scotland’s economy would resolve some problems of getting young people into work. But she added that, in the long-term, work is needed to help those facing â€Å"considerable barriers†. Constance’s remarks came as she appeared before Holyrood’s Education Committee to answer questions on the Scottish Government’s Youth Employment Strategy, and ahead of the publication of the latest job figures tomorrow. Figures show that 102,000 young people are currently unemployed in Scotland. That represents around one in four of those aged 16-24 who are economically active. â€Å"Given the recent economic indicators that suggest things are slightly improving in terms of vacancies, do you think we’re over the most challenging year, and have met the greatest challenge?† Ms Constance said she would not be â€Å"foolish enough to look into her crystal ball† and make such predictions. â€Å"We’ll deal with what comes our way,† she said. Pressed by Labour MSP Neil Bibby on whether she believed there is a youth unemployment crisis in Scotland, Ms Constance said: â€Å"What I believe is that we need to be in this for the long haul.† She told MSPs there were around 20,000 young people from disadvantaged backgrounds who face â€Å"considerable barriers to getting into work†. â€Å"When we think of youth unemployment, some of that will be resolved when the economy picks up and gets better,† she added. â€Å"But youth unemployment is always two and a half to three times higher than all-age unemployment. â€Å"There is always an issue there that we need to tackle and it is long-term action we need.† IA Commentary #2: Youth unemployment requires long-term action Just like a majority of all countries, Scotland is facing struggle in their economic recovery after the recession. The problem being addressed in the chosen article speaks about the youth unemployment crisis that is occurring in the country. Demand in the consumer sector is not what the main problem is. Apparently, the youth (age 16 – 24) have reached unemployment (ability to work but don’t have a job) rates of 25% due to â€Å"disadvantaged backgrounds†. This can most likely be assumed that these people have had a lack of education and do not have the sufficient skills to apply for the desired jobs. This could be labeled as a ‘skill mismatch’ between workers’ skills and employers’ needs. Unemployment can have a significant negative impact on a country’s economy and society. As the unemployment level rises, the more people are eligible for benefit payments (money given to the unemployed to consume basic necessities) which take away from the government’s revenue and spending power. Secondly, and most importantly, unemployment can cause a waste of resources and reduce the nation’s output which will lower the economy’s GDP. With this loss of the nation’s output, the economy will be producing within its PPF (Production Possibility Frontier: ability to produce ALL available resources efficiently) and lowers/decreases economic growth. The following labor market diagram can depict what unemployment the market is facing. As seen in the diagram, the labor market is shown in a simple AD/AS model. At Qe, the labor market is at equilibrium as the demand for labor matches the supply. Though, in this case, the supply of labor has decreased causing the AS curve to shift leftwards. This shows that the market is not running at full efficiency as production is being hindered. The resource of workers are not being allocated at high efficiency because they are lacking the factor of production of education. These factors of production are inputs that are used in the production of goods/services. The suggested solution of the article is to seek ‘long-term’ action to regain the loss of supply/productivity in the skill deprived market. Government intervention seems to be the solution to correct those workers facing ‘considerable barriers’ or lack of education. The reallocation of the government fiscal policy to boost economic activity will have to see a greater percentage of revenue towards the education sector. The fiscal policy is the use of the government expenditure and taxation to manage the economy. In this case, a supply-side policy will need to be rearranged to improve the quality of resources which would education in this situation. A period of economic austerity will definitely be needed as the government will be forced to lower discretionary spending (expenditure that is adjusted annually) in other sectors to assure that the current and future youth have better education and provide the economy with better qualities of production. Using the same labor market diagram, you will see the result of increasing the quality of the factor of production (education) as the supply of ‘able’ workers rises back to equilibrium. The diagram shows the effect of re-allocated supply-side fiscal policy (policies to alter the level of supply to create a stable economy) towards increased spending for the education sector. The government can lower the number of un-educated workers/youths that lack adequate skills by subsidizing education and implementing better training for jobs. Currently, the aggregate supply for young Scottish workers lies on the ‘AS Labor’ curve as firms can’t hire the un-skilled workers. This leads the real GDP, or the output of the country to be lower as goods and services aren’t being produced at maximum efficiency due to the lack of workers. The long-run solution that is alluded in the text would definitely be to improve the education system because currently the economy is running on spare capacity (producing at less than maximum efficiency). The economy would have to bare with the supply crisis until the workers have acquired the adequate skills. If the re-evalution of the fiscal policy is used by the Scottish government, then they can potentially fix this skill-mismatch issue and avoid disastrous economic problems. Lastly, to ensure economic safety, the Scottish government should restrain from borrowing money and spend money on other projects to allow them to fix their problem. This could hinder the development in other sectors as the money available to them should be placed towards education.

Micro enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Micro enterprises - Essay Example equires ethical values that will enable them treat the workforce equally, regardless of the gender, race, religion, culture and abilities (Harvey, 2012). Through adopting a non-discrimination policy, the leaders can afford to treat all the members of the workforce with equality, thus promoting the feelings of appreciation amongst the workforce. The creation of teams and groups that embraces and comprises of different elements of the workforce serves to promote the management of diversity, in that all the members of the workforce feels considered and represented in the groups and teams. Valuing and considering the contributions made by all members of the workforce serves to make the workforce more vibrant, creative and innovative, in that they feel that their ideas and inventions will be recognized and appreciated by the organization (Jeffs, 2008). Receiving and treating the grievances and the concerns raised by members of the workforce, without discrimination or favoritism on any basis that creates diversity in the workforce, is another successful step towards having the leaders of the macro enterprises manage the diversity of the workforce specializing in decision support system (Harvey, 2012). Through the effectiveness of diversity in the workforce, the leaders are assured of a motivated team, which guarantees success. Some characteristics are relevant for small business to be considered as appropriate in the selection process for developing the decision support systems. A small business requires being technologically oriented, an aspect that serves to ensure that the business is in a position to test and try novel technological innovations, ensuring that they can develop a system that is most appropriate for the business (Power, 2002). This is most essential since technology keeps changing and the types of decisions to be made are dynamic, thus calling for constant improvement in the business DSS so established. Another requisite characteristic of such a

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior Essay

MGT501 - Management and Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Telebank Call Center has a sophisticated electronic system to control calls and keep things moving. It runs very much like an assembly line and the calls never stop. The pace of the work is quite rapid and this is sometimes a stressor for the staff. The pace is controlled by the system and there is always a beep in their ear when the next call is cued. Some calls take longer than others so the intervals between calls are not always the same. It is often enough to cause stress, however. The interesting thing is that they hire people who like to talk to other people and then they hurry them through calls very rapidly. It also allows for the staff member that quits working and does not halt calls because of it. The same electronic system that manages the call side of the program also manages the evaluations of employees. The method used is somewhat suspect for part of their employees being unhappy. It monitors everything done by the employees including how many calls they took as well as how many times they went to the bathroom. By all criteria, the technical side of their business appears to work very well. That part of the business definitely is a "machine". The social system, on the other hand is probably a bigger stressor for all involved than the tracking and watching from the technical system. This is a business that advertises that it want individuals in employees and their hiring routine is set up to capture those personalities. The problem is that those kinds of personalities like to come to work in their time, get done what they want to in the time they want to and run their day according to their desires. The other thing the company looks for is people that like to talk to other people. Organizing is a structure that managers use to establish a structure of working relationships (Jones & George, 2007) which is what the hiring process in this company is trying to do. Their goal is to have independent personalities

Statistical Quantitive Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical Quantitive Methods - Essay Example marketing manager has indicated that she wants to know how long it takes Internet users to access your company’s internet screen, since there is concern it is taking too long and deterring interest. You have asked colleagues and friends at a variety of other organisations to access your own company’s web site and keep a careful record of how long it took them to get into the company’s home page. i. Explain which measure(s) of average and dispersion you would suggest using for this data and the reasons for your preference. You are required to justify the choice of the Statistical Quantities made and calculate these quantities. Other statistical tools that would best describe this data are standard deviation, Measure of skewness and kurtosis. The standard deviation will tell a manger how tight various samples are clustered around the mean giving him the cohesiveness of the data he has. Measures of skewness and kurtosis give a visual analysis of the data that the manager can use to draw quick conclusions. III a) The Quality Control department of TV tube manufacturer has observed that on an average out of every 10000 tubes produced, 5 are found to be defective. If a sample of 20 bulbs is selected, what is the probability that non are defective. What is the probability that for the same sample size that at least two are defective? We know that probability is a long term relative frequency so that every probability of an occurrence of an event corresponds a function in distribution. Using this concept we can find the average (mean) number of defective bulbs then we can get the number of defective bulbs in 20 bulbs then reconvert to probability. b) A consultancy firm submits three proposals for consideration by three different clients. It considers that the chances of the proposals being accepted are 0.5, 0.3 and 0.25 respectively .what is the probability

The website of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office Essay - 1

The website of National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office - Essay Example In this paper it is necessary to describe how the website of â€Å"National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office† (n.d.) supports the learning objective: use weather observations, analysis, and forecasting to determine risk management policies for critical weather situations and severe storms.In this paper it is necessary to describe how the website of â€Å"National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office† (n.d.) supports the learning objective: use weather observations, analysis, and forecasting to determine risk management policies for critical weather situations and severe storms. First of all it is necessary to mention that it is a site of the famous National Weather Service (NWS) which is a leading meteorological information source since its foundation in 1890. The tasks of the site not only give information on prediction of seven-days forecasting, but also sever weather warnings. This source proposes a wide range of products and services which can be used by t he emergency managers, the media and the public, and gives a brief of the products which include all-important principal information. For instance, the aviation forecast observations, daily fire weather forecasts and marine forecasts are presented here.   The site analyzes and strongly presents the temporary observed and climatic tendency of downfall across the 48 United States and Puerto Rico. The given information about precipitation relies on a radar-only, gauge-only, satellite-only sensor. Precipitation data are updated six times per day.   The Fire Weather Program is offered to federal and state land management agencies. This program provides the action of preventing, extinguishing the fire, and management of forest and grasslands fires.   In conclusion, as one of the leading data collection site, it shares necessary information about conditions of surface and upper air, pressure of air and so on. The source offers short-term and long-term models of atmosphere which are s hared with government agencies; it presents researches reports and storm surveys. Thus, the National Weather Service is close in touch with government and media emergency agents to provide all-important data about storm.  Ã‚  

R&D Proposal TMGT421 (R&D for HVAC Replacement) Essay

R&D Proposal TMGT421 (R&D for HVAC Replacement) - Essay Example This essay stresses that the HVAC systems are vital towards energy consumptions as well as thermal comfort especially in the residential buildings. These conditions can only be met by using effective and efficient HVAC equipment that in this project is the air conditioners. The essential integral part in energy conservation using this HVAC equipment or the air conditioner is the design of the equipment, control system, distribution system, and the building envelope as well as the optimization of the system. The improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of the HVAC systems requires high level of understanding of the inter rations in the system issues especially the primary engineering issues. Additionally, detailed trades off issues relating to the energy conservation designs must be exploited fully before conclusion are drawn and recommendation made and National Academies Press. This paper makes a conclusion that the desired air conditioner will be designed not to run continuously as it is in air conditions that are being used currently. This kindly of system design will be achieved through installation or embedding thermostat into the home used air conditioners so that it is automatically switches off and on the once the desired temperatures are attained. This modified air conditioner will reduce the amount of energy used in running the air conditioner thereby leading to a great deal of energy conservation. This kind of energy conservation system will help reduce energy consumption rates that will reflect as low electricity bills.

Internet Marketing Strategy ( Nike ) Research Paper

Internet Marketing Strategy ( Nike ) - Research Paper Example It is not just restricted to sportswear, instead it allows for large array of items related to other leisure. Eye wear, electronic timers, wrist bands and sweat bands as well as children shoes that are not primarily related to sports but for casual wear. Keywords: Sportswear, e-commerce, online, unique value proposition, marketing perspective, quality, customers’ considerations. History A predominant name in the field of footwear and numerous other interrelated services. It has been in practice and action since the mid 20th century and is amongst the top runners in the respective industry (Marco et.al , 262). The company has incorporated various techniques, business principles, policies which have enabled achieving its present day position and standing. All these have been implemented in respective disciplines pertinent to the overall best services and performances. Target group: Target group is defined as one that is the core focus on the company with regard to fulfilling the ir requirements and providing them with all sorts of items needed by them. Target group is also represented in the ads and commercials that are broadcasted. An active participant of nearly all major sporting activities, such as football, tennis, athletics and numerous other games, however it is not confined to sports only. The company has expanded its wings in a scattered way and can be easily termed as a multisided market industry with focus on various segments. Operating internationally and having its outlets and chains in nearly all the major regions of the world, it holds attraction due to its variety and quality in the given domain. Strategies: Nike Inc has expanded its network through its franchises and independent retailers who are officially granted the licenses in this regard to sell their products under the official banner. Both the franchises and independent outlets work through the approval of officially granted work permits by the head office and its concerned offices. Multisided market: Providing for sportswear as well as casual wear speaks of the company’s multisided approach. Also not limiting its items to teenagers or sports athletes is another example of multisided market approach. The offer of subsidiaries is another example of its multisided market orientation. Various subsidiaries are operational in the name of Converse Cole, Hockey Hurley International to name a few. How to reach the blue moon: Brand personality: The brand enjoys a credible name amongst the customers, it has stood for quality and reliability. Its expansion based policy and much more richer supply chain relationships define the brand itself. Differentiation: Differentiation is based upon quality, reliability, customers solution and future prospects consideration. Unique Value Proposition: In order to keep up with the changes of modern times, and the subsequent demands, any given company has to adopt and make certain items its bench mark and elements of separation wh ich may provide

Chain reaction by tere Martinez Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chain reaction by tere Martinez - Essay Example The play itself focuses on Antionia Pantoja, a community leader from Puerto Rica and her life’s work. The relationship between Pantoja and her mentor Frank Horne is another key example of mentorship within the play. The two share the same passion and drive, wanting to fight for rights and freedoms. He encourages her plans and this gives her the strength to succeed. With his support, she builds the ASPIRA, a group and a community that supports one another. Through ASPIRA she taught students ways of solving problems, determining what the issues were in their life, the causes and how to go about solving them. In addition, it focused on the cultural background of Puerto Ricans, encouraging them to embrace rather than ignore their heritage. A second relationship of importance in the play is that of Yoiaira and Professor Ramos. Yojaira is a 19 year old student studying at Hostos Community College. She is sarcastic, feeling that she is unable to succeed. While she dreams of being a scientist, she rejects Ramos’ suggestions that this is possible, instead deciding to follow her mother’s desires to be a dentist. Yojaira talks to Ramos about her personal life, the problems that she is experiencing and her plans for the future. It is through this relationship of trust and friendship that Ramos is able to help Yojaria. Because of Ramos’ influence, Yojaira finds in herself the desire to be someone different and it is this desire that causes her to call Hector and agree to meet him. A final crucial relationship within the play is that between Hector and Pantoja. Hector was a member of the ASPIRA group that Pantoja had developed and encouraged. Because of Pantoja’s encouragement, Hector followed a career path that everyone else in his life told him was not possible. Through Pantoja’s work and encouragement he gained substantial strength in himself, and found that he did not have to be ashamed of his heritage, or become an

Urban Education Movie Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Urban Education Movie Analysis - Essay Example As the report stresses the film shows discrimination of the Hispanic learners in a number of ways. The schools in Los Angeles degraded and portrayed inhuman treatment Hispanic learners by not allowing them to use bathroom facilities at lunch time, deprivation of standard academic services for non-white learners, lack of quality academic learning material absence of a bilingual program and a ban on speaking Spanish in school. The education systems treat the white students as they are from a superior race compared to the Hispanics. This kind of unequal treatment, when compared to white learners, made it unfair for the Hispanics to compete on level terms with their fellow students. From the essay it is clear that the students’ initiative to walk out is a brave and necessary move despite the risks involved. The social movement was inevitable as it raised the issue and triggered others to come out and express their dissatisfaction with â€Å"the system†. The students exhibit heroic traits by rising against the injustices. Failure to do so would have led to continuous non-recognition of their skills, ideas and talents. An ideal education system serves to promote academic excellence as well as contribute towards the realization of their talents. It also inspires students to express their ideas in a platform where there is equality. From the film, it is evident that the oppressed have the obligation to cause alarm so that their plight can be addressed.

Roosevelt vs. Wilson Essay Example for Free

Roosevelt vs. Wilson Essay The United States government has gone through many changes throughout the years since the first president. The presidential election of 1912 made a significant effect on how our country is ran in this day and age. Though they were bitter rivals from different parties, they infused the presidency with new powers and changed the nation in ways few other presidents have, before or since (Bowles, 2011). Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson debated a political state of affairs that still effects government and industry in our nation today. The issue at hand was trusts. On one hand, Theodore Roosevelt thought that trusts are inevitable. As he said in his 1910 New Nationalism speech, There can be no effective control of corporation while their political activity remains. To put an end it will be neither a short nor an easy task, but it can be done(Roosevelt, 1910). Woodrow Wilson had a fairly diverse view on how trusts react in our society. He believes that trusts are natural but not inevitable. On the other hand, Wilson states, in the eighth chapter of his book, New Freedom,† Big business is no doubt to a large extent necessary and natural. The development of business upon a great scale, upon a great scale of co-operation, is inevitable, and, let me add, is probably desirable. But that is a very different matter from the development of trusts, because the trusts have not grown. They have been artificially created; they have been put together, not by natural processes, but by the will, the deliberate planning will, of men who were more powerful than their neighbors in the business world, and who wished to make their power secure against competition†(Wilson, 1913). As you can see, these two men had very dissimilar views on the issue of trusts. Furthermore, New Freedom and New Nationalism can be compared because they share similar qualities. However, they can be contrasted because their ideas about how to run the country are diverse. Both state that putting personal needs above the need of the nation is immoral. Another parallel point New Nationalism and New Freedom share is that both candidates show common conclusion that without large corporations, there would be a smaller break between the rich and the poor. Also, without this differentiation between the rich and poor, our nation would be enhanced as a whole. New Nationalism recognized that monopolies and trusts are tolerable as long as they are being of service to the people. New Freedom said that the nation  should release all monopolies so that there would be less need for government interference. Wilson endorsed this because he believes that monopolies are shown to be protected by government and can fundamentally direct the administration because of all the money they bestow. In addition, in New Nationalism, a deliberation on the responsibility of government in Big Business is that there should be more power. Roosevelt explained that with more legislative control, there could still be trusts but they would be strictly monitored. New Freedom had a conflicting view on the subject. Wilson leaned more on if the nation eliminated its trusts there wouldn’t be a need for more governmental pressure on big businesses because there would be no big corporations. Moreover, the ideas Roosevelt and Wilson discussed are still significant in todays society. Although our nation has no real monopolies, some large companies seem to take over their industry in some way. An example would be McDonalds. McDonalds is one of the largest fast food chains in the nation. There is not a single person that has never eaten something from McDonalds. Another example is Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart is the largest supercenter in the shopping chain. Just as it is with McDonalds, undoubtedly everyone has been to Wal-Mart at some point in their life. Finally, one of Teddy Roosevelt’s major accomplishments while in office is the Pure Food and Drug Act. This was an act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes (PFDA, 1906). One of Wilson’s greatest accomplishments was the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. This act created twelve â€Å"bankers banks†. These banks would hold the responsibility for making the interest and currency rates for the nation (Bowles, 2011). Wilson aspired to influence the ideas and intentions not only of Americans, but of the whole world. I have a passion for interpreting great thoughts to the world, he wrote to his wife in 1916. I should be complete if I could inspire a great movement of opinion . . . and so communicate the thought to the minds of the great mass of the people as to impel them to great political achievement (Chin, 2011). In conclusion, Roosevelt and Wilson were both very important parts of making our nation what it is today. They used  three main ways to shape our society. These are as follows; (1) public dramatizations and taking advantage of the power of the media through the reach and influence of journalists; (2) the education of the public, which was something that Wilson, as a former professor, believed was the critical factor in a successful political leader; and (3) the commitment to party leadership (Bowles, 2011). References Bowles, M. (2011). American history 1865–present: End of isolation. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Chin, C. C.(2011). The Visible Hand of Woodrow Wilson. Reviews in American History 39(1), 149-155. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved September 3, 2013, from Project MUSE database. Roosevelt, T. R. (1910, Aug. 31). The new nationalism. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/tr-nationalism/ United States. Pure Food and Drug Act (1906). United States Statutes at Large (59th Cong., Sess. I, Chp. 3915, p. 768-772; cited as 34 U.S. Stats. 768) In: History of Medicine Division. Medicine in the Americas: Historical Works [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2004-. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22116/ Wilson, W. (1913). What is progress?. In The new freedom: A call for the emancipation of the generous energies of a people (Chapter II). New York: Doubleday, Page Company. R etrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14811/14811-h/14811-h.htm#II

Erp Implementation At Lupin Information Technology Essay

Erp Implementation At Lupin Information Technology Essay Lupin is a transnational pharmaceutical company producing an extensive range of quality specific generic and branded formulations and APIs in more than 70 countries like India, USA, Japan, South Africa, Australia, Philippines, with its headquarters located in Mumbai. Lupin was found in the year 1968 by Dr. Desh Bandhu Gupta who had the vision to fight life threatening infectious diseases and manufacture drugs which had superior quality. His dream has steered Lupin to be a part of Indias top 5 pharmaceutical companies. Lupins success story begins with the manufacture of tuberculosis drugs followed by a range of intermediaries and APIs and it also strengthened its position by making innumerable formulations. Financial Performance The following statistics about Lupin have been impacted by the recent changes in its business integration processes. In FY 2010, net sales grew by 26% to INR 47,405 million up from INR 37,759 the previous year and net profits grew at 36% to INR 6,816 million compared to INR 5,015 million in FY 2009 Manufacturing facilities Lupin has formulation plants at 5 different locations namely Aurangabad, Jammu, Mandideep, Goa and Indore and API plants at Ankaleshwar, Mandideep, Tarapur and Vadodara. Its ultimate aim is to deliver quality and scale, with successful integration of their capabilities and capacities to deliver a wide product portfolio that caters to the varied needs of diverse markets. Precisely committed to quality, safety and the environment, most of their manufacturing facilities have been inspected and approved by the US FDA and UK MHRA, WHO, Australian TGA and Japans MHLW. RD Research will continue to be the main driver for Lupins success. Lupin has a state of art Research and development centre at Pune, Maharashtra. It is a 19 acre land with more than 320 scientists working there. Lupin has 145 patents filed and 53 patents granted worldwide. BACKGROUND BEFORE ERP IMPLEMENTATION As we see above, with extensive manufacturing facilities and products coming in mainly from research, to sustain its position in the market it was essential for Lupin to integrate its manufacturing units by enhanced connectivity between them. In the year 2002, it had operations spread across 5 plants and more than 30 depots to manage. They were at this time using the FoxPro based systems. This system would not work online and the key issue with it was it used to take almost 10 days to get the month end sales figure compiled together and presented to the authorities. With this key problem in the backdrop, Lupin felt the need to adopt and implement an ERP system for its operations. At this point, Lupin initially went for a localized ERP version which was specific for every location and as per location specific requirements. But the problem here was decentralization. Lack of cohesion hampered the successful implementation of this. Thus a ERP software which would help Lupin set up, implement, monitor and evaluate business processes and then make it possible to integrate that information so that management may take a review of efficiencies was required. TIMELINE FOR IMPLEMENTATIONS OF VARIOUS ERPs AT LUPIN IMPLEMENTATION OF SAP ERP Impact SAP ERP package has benefitted LUPIN by streamlining business processes increasing accessibility and connectivity. From the time of implementation, Lupin has not required any additional staff in the service areas like accounting, IT, finance and HR. The 4 main modules, namely materials, production and quality management, have been adapted into the system. After implementation the company has doubled in size but this was possible with the same number of people. It also improved ease of access to available information. For instance, now even a sales manager has access to real time data with respect to the inventory levels which was not possible earlier. Online connectivity has improved the online accounting system considerably. It has also enhanced the inventory tracking and helped in materials planning as now the required raw materials can be ordered online, resulting in cost saving to a large extent. Implementation Problems and its overcoming Lupin had to overcome certain hurdles for the successful implementation of this ERP package. Some of these included user training including basics such as the mere operation of a computer; master data supervision, day to day trouble shooting and configuring new business processes coming into the system as per requirements. All these problems were mainly done by several rounds of user training, interaction, discussions which was mainly done by IBM. Also the 1st problem faced for implementation included to get all the disjoined systems connected online. This was done by establishing a complete VSAT network and Lotus workflows. This implementation was done by IBM and the initial investment including up gradation of network, hardware installations and cost of implementation cost Lupin around Cr.15. NEED FOR MORE ADVANCED AND SPECIFIC ERP MODULES Between the years 2003 and 2008, Lupin had successfully got US FDA approvals for plants in 5 places across India. These approvals specified stringent quality levels which needed to be measured and tracked daily. Sales and order management, travel and expense management and environmental and safety compliance management also become more and more important. It had started operations in Japan, South Africa, Australia, Germany and others through acquisitions. Regulatory compliance across these different countries needed to be managed. Accounting and financial reporting compliance was also a requirement. It had started its own research centre in Pune which required extensive information protection and security. Management of investigator sites, proper documentation, site agreements and contracts management were some other problems faced by the company. Increasing end-user productivity, product design cost estimations, shared services for HR, talent retention and attraction, procurement were some other business need faced. SOLUTIONS There were 4 major technology changes that were made to overcome a majority of these problems. Upgradation of existing SAP software to SAP ERP 6.0 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) from LabWare Quality Management System Enterprise version from Novatek International Language Independent Proof Reader Enterprise version from Novatek International Lupin has been successful in gaining a competitive advantage by using enterprise resource planning systems in combination with its existing systems. The major reason for this success lies in the fact that it decided to choose an ERP vendor which was familiar with the pharmaceutical industry and this gave it the advantage of financial savings and increased efficiencies. ERP IMPLEMENTATION SAP ERP 6.0 BUSINESS CHALLENGE ERP 6.0 ENHANCEMENT IMPACT Support growth plan Service in new therapy areas and business segments Accounting and Financial report Compliance: Enhanced contract accounting and collections Automated allocations and balancing by multiple dimensions Ability to operate a HR shared service center New general ledger for consolidated financial statements Better management of internal controls of 8 manufacturing units across the globe Contract Accounting with almost 10 contractors Advanced financial supply chain management Universal work lists for global operations Time management HR administrator Ensure quality compliance in products Ability to import rules regulations from third party providers Support for OSHA Monitoring dangerous material Increased support to: Occupational health Waste management Industrial hygiene Hazardous material management These factors are of utmost importance for a pharmaceutical company Sustain position of Global market leader in several drugs like cardiovascular anti-tuberculosis Better planning Better forecasting tools Investment tracking Superior product costing module Enables express Planning Business consolidations Product design cost estimate Important from global operations point of view Improve operational efficiencies in core business processes while bringing down interim costs Sales Order Management Better order-entry process Support to internet sales Price configurations Travel Expense management Speedy expense reporting Better travel planning Order quotation management Automated credit card feeds Integrated mileage calculation Mobile travel expense Integration with travel agency The implementation was done by a multi disciplinary core team from Lupin in partnership with Bristlecone, a company which specializes in SAP supply chain ERP implementation. Increasing end user productivity New application interfaces Updated role-based access Greater use of adobe interactive forms Self-serviced employees, managers Employee interaction center Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) from LabWare Need Patent of new drugs is a very integral part of pharmaceutical companies. Also at Lupin, documentation for intellectual property management was not organized and the IP registration rules were becoming more and more stringent. Another problem faced at Lupin was that research labs were treated as a separate part of the business. As the pharmaceutical industry has gradually progressed, it has been seen that research laboratories have become an integral part if the company want sustainable growth. The key problem here was that it was difficult to communicate RD with other business systems like MRP and Process Control System. WHY LabWare LIMS Can be integrated with SAP ERP The core code is separated from the configuration and thus allows LIMS systems to be implemented with ease. Easy Upgradation Scalable architecture for centralized operations at Lupin Multi lingual support which allows application across Lupins operation globally High level of security required by research laboratories in the pharmaceutical sector Compatible with any browser including Mozilla FireFox operated in Lupin LIMS Implementation Support for LUPIN Templates were designed in accordance with the requirements of Lupin as decided by the core team. Some of the important templates designed were stability testing, environment monitoring and QA/QC manufacturing. The following chart gives an indication of the various modules of LIMS used by LUPIN Main Business System(s) Electronic Document Management Systems (EDMS) Project Management (PM) Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Testing/Stability/Shelf-Life Please refer appendix 1 for snapshots of stability and shelf life testing using LIMS Please refer appendix 2 for snapshot of a summary report of sample testing prepared by LIMS Impact: The benefit seen after the implementation of LIMS was that today when Lupin develops a new product, LIMS is used to; Test the new prototype product. Scale up manufacturing of the product Release to the market Testing defective samples after production. Environment monitoring Storage of historical research data Full sample tracking User certification Instrument and calibration management Standards reagents management Full auditing Report and sample scheduling Bar coding Please refer appendix 3 to get detailed understanding of how modules work, and information flow within the system using LIMS Quality Management System Enterprise version from Novatek International Need: Risk Reduction Integration to Key Systems Reporting: Documentation Flexibility Industry Best Practices Document Management Application Modules: SOPs, policies, work instructions Batch records Certificates of Analysis (COAs) Regulatory submissions Regulatory correspondence CAPA objective evidence Documentation related to change control Validation documentation Manuals, instructions Employee training and qualification records Project documentation Investigation documents, photographs, etc. Contractor batch records, quality records Audit reports and follow-ups Impact: Allows compliance with industry standards like 21 CFR Part 11, 21 CFR Part 210, 211, and ISO Consistent with FDA Compatible with ERP Maintenance of quality across different plants Reduce re-works scrap cost Reduce cycle time and process down time By implementing this software, Lupin has been able to manage audits like GMP/GLP/GCP, Clinical support audits, internal quality audits, site audits, pre-clinical studies etc. Language Independent Proof Reader Enterprise version from Novatek International This software is basically related to Automatic packaging. It has an Analyzer which proof reads insets, cartons and other printed material. It is language indifferent and hence most suitable for Lupin packaging as Lupin is a supplier of drugs across the globe. This software allows to spot and correct not only discrepancies between characters but also changes in color and pictures. This is very important for any drug packaging as it has life threatening outcomes. SOLUTIONS FOR THE FUTURE Lupin plans to implement more applications like the Human resources, to control attrition rates and developing the internal organizational structure. ERP 6.0 has been successful in bringing together core business components. Lupin now plans to upgrade to SAP Netweaver 7.0 and also Business Intelligence for a more extensive and specific approach to pharmaceutical operations. Personally, I believe the company should aim at integrating their system with the customers i.e. contract manufacturers to enhance their supply chain further. Bandwidth and infrastructure are the two biggest setbacks that Lupin is currently facing and needs to improve upon. APPENDIX Appendix 1 LIMS from LabWare Module: Testing Stability of a product (Various graphs for pH testing have been produced) Appendix 2 Snapshot of LIMS showing a summary report of a sample produced Appendix 3 Modules used in LIMS along with their information flow throughout the system

The Crime Prevention Triangle Explination Criminology Essay

The Crime Prevention Triangle Explination Criminology Essay In this unit, we will explore specific and general crime prevention approaches and strategies, employed to reduce and control the occurrence of crime in the society. The role of the citizen and the community will be differentiated from the role of the state through the institutions of the criminal justice system. Unit Objectives To appreciate the need for citizen participation. To discuss the role of the Police. To describe the role of Policy Makers. To examine the methods used by the criminal justice system to influence reform and rehabilitation. To analyze at least four approaches to crime prevention employed by the criminal justice system. Readings and Online Resources Reid, Oral (1998) Community Policing: A Philosophical Approach to the Study of Community Building. Reid, Oral. Policing by Consent. The Copper 97 Vol. 1 No. 1 http://www.schererville.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=257Itemid=58 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTYIPBoeGaU Session 4.1 Community Crime Prevention Approaches Learning Objectives: By the end if this session the student should be able to: Define the elements of the crime prevention triangle Discuss the elements of the crime prevention triangle Describe the crime prevention triangle Define the roles of the elements in the crime prevention triangle Discuss the participation of the elements in the crime prevention triangle Understand the need for citizen participation. Appreciate the role of individual and community groups in the prevention of crime. Explain the need for the Crime Prevention Practitioners in building a community team Introduction In this session we will examine specific crime prevention approaches intended to highlight the critical role of the citizen, the police and policymakers in their effort to address crime control or reduction both at the local level of the community and the state in general. The Crime Prevention Triangle Figure 4:1 The Community Crime Prevention Triangle Effective crime prevention requires a closer relationship between the police, policy makers, and the community at large. It is necessary for all sides to open lines of communication and work to define their respective roles in such a way that they understand their responsibilities to the overall cooperative effort. The task of bringing these key sectors of the community together is not easy neither can one be effective without the other. The challenge is often that each sector has specific viewpoints that appear to be inconsistent with the needs and expectations of others in the triangle. For instance, the police have traditionally been one of the most closed groups in Caribbean society. This position has been influenced by several factors among which are the following; Police Forces in the region boost a paramilitary in structure; Many of the social and professional problems they encounter cannot be discussed with persons outside their profession; and the nature of police work frequently confines them to persons working within their respective formations. The factors listed all support a growing trend towards police isolation from the people they are intended to serve. On the other hand, most citizens have very limited knowledge of police work. Such views are often further distorted by television programmes that suggest glamorous and unrealistic means of solving crimes and social disorder. Hence a typical citizens impression of the police is associated with issuing traffic tickets, or arresting felons. The citizen is not likely to be in a pleasant mood in either of these circumstances, and frequently learns to associate officers with enforcement and authority. The police spend most of their time dealing with the less desirable elements of Caribbean society inasmuch as they deal with suspects and vagrants on a regular basis, and sometimes tend to associate the uncooperative behaviour of these elements with the general public. It is not uncommon for the police to threat with suspicion volunteers who want to aid in the management of crime. Politicians or policymakers are given labels that hold them up to public scrutiny and ridicule. Views expressed during heated campaigns or unrealistic expectations by the public that an official has the power to wave a magic wand and cure the ills of society have served to strain the relationship between the elected officials and their constituents. All of the above realities show that each side of the triangle has an important part to play in the community crime prevention process but that there are challenges which, if not carefully managed could deepen the divide between each sector. The strength of a triangle depends on strong linkages. If one of these three groups does not participate, the chances for success will be seriously diminished. Defining the Roles in the Crime Prevention Triangle Citizen and Community Participation The need for citizen participation in community crime prevention is critical to the establishment of a crime-free society. Two essential ingredients are a well-trained police force and an informed and cooperative citizenry. It is often the case that too few citizens have made a commitment to actually participation. Participation in community crime prevention efforts is not merely desirable but necessary. Police and crime prevention specialists alone cannot control crime; they need all the help the community can give them. Despite the later there seems to be an irreversible trend, in recent years, towards less involvement by citizens and increased responsibilities being delegated to the police. Increased specialization in various police forces coupled with increased taxation has encouraged citizens to look to the police, as professionals, to assume the responsibility of community safety. Subsequently, calls for service to the average law enforcement agency have increased steadily as citizens looked for assistance, not only with criminal matters but also for a wide range of service endeavours, such as invitations to speak to the wayward boy or girl that failed to comply with house rules, retrieving trapped cats and dogs and transporting mental patients to the hospital for treatment. It would be r easonable to assume that as much as 80 percent of police calls relate to noncriminal conduct as opposed to actual investigation or the apprehension of criminals. Community ranges from isolated individuals to diverse community groups. The levels of expertise vary from novice to accomplished professionals. The motivation to participate is as diverse as the community itself. Yet the secret to changing public attitudes and ultimately behaviour lies within this vast and primarily untapped resource. The following are various levels of involvement in crime prevention efforts with which citizens feel comfortable and choose to identify. It is helpful to first look at the role an individual can play, and then expand the base for involvement to group roles or collective citizen action. The Role of the Individual Practitioners know that a vast majority of a communitys population does not belong to an identifiable group but still participates in a wide range of activities. These citizens have concerns regarding crime and should be reached and encouraged to participate in crime prevention programmes as individuals. A few of the ways an individual can participate include: 1. Contributing volunteer time to programme efforts 2. Being an advocate for crime prevention concepts 3. Reporting suspicious activities to the police 4. Taking initiatives to practice opportunity reduction strategies at home/work and while moving about the community, such as: a. installing secure, deadbolt locks b. providing good security lighting c. trimming shrubbery away from doors and windows d. always locking car doors and windows e. using common sense and awareness when traveling alone f. marking all valuables with a personal identification number g. not carrying or displaying large amount of cash h. avoiding walking alone after dark Activity: Crime Prevention Tips View the Youtube videos below, they offer some useful crime prevention tips for individuals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTYIPBoeGaU Activity 4:1 Collective Citizen and Group Roles: The communitys role is strengthened when group initiatives are added to individual citizen initiatives. If Crime prevention is to be effective in improving quality of life, the role of the community-at-large must be expanded to include supportive efforts from a broad base of existing private sector groups-businesses, industries, churches, etc. within a jurisdiction. Organized groups such as the Chamber of Commerce, P.T.A., Scouts, Girls Guides, Kiwanis, Womens Clubs, and Church Groups lend their support to community crime prevention programming and bring with them an existing pool of volunteer time, talent, energy, and the additional clout and resources of established organizations. They also bring with them the organizational goals, policies, and procedures, resolutions on community issues, and reputation that may or may not precisely fit everyone elses agenda. The role these groups must play is sometimes difficult to define and mobilize, and always difficult to manage. Yet it is vitally important to reach and involve citizens within their own context. The task is to reach people where they are and with the tools they are accustomed to using. This does not simply mean that everyone has to join Neighbourhood Watch Programmes. It does mean that every citizen can participate in crime prevention doing whatever a citizen is a part of-Boys Clubs, a tenants organization, the insurance industry etc. The trick to citizen involvement is to provide them hope within their own familiar environments. The experiences gained in community crime prevention programmes across the Caribbean region have helped define the following points in the community-at- large role: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The community at large must accept the responsibility for organizing a community crime prevention programme. They have the biggest stake-and ultimately they have more to lose than either the law enforcement or policymaker segments. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The community must identify committed leadership for an organized crime prevention effort. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The community must provide the necessary resources (time and funds) for the leadership to receive basic crime prevention training. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The community must plan organized training for other volunteers in the program. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The citizens must identify the problems of the community through cooperative efforts with law enforcement agencies, using such tools as surveys, opinion polls, and actual crime data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The members of the community must plan a coordinated approach to crime prevention efforts by designing and matching projects to the interests of various volunteer groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The leaders must establish an effective mechanism for outreach and input so various groups know what others are doing. This will help ensure coordination, and is frequently termed networking. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The community group must solicit commitments from various groups supporting crime prevention efforts to ensure programme continuity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The group organizers must provide opportunities for all groups or individuals to participate in the community-wide programmes (while allowing groups to retain their separate identity). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The group organizers must establish an ongoing process of obtaining and assessing project information for evaluation purposes to aid further decision-making. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The organizers must identify and obtain resources to properly fund a sustained crime prevention effort. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The leaders of the crime prevention unit must facilitate the wise use of collective citizen power to influence public policies that promote crime prevention concepts. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The community group must serve as a strong advocate for increased communication between the various segments forming the crime prevention triangle. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The groups must ensure the participation of the media as a partner in the total community crime prevention programme. Community volunteers have learnt much about their role in crime prevention during the last decade. Their role will become even more clearly defined through the next decade as volunteers acquire additional knowledge in organizing and maintaining community crime prevention programmes. Police Participation The attitudes of the citizens towards the police service are generally inconsistent. The police are appreciated when they are needed but often feared because they are perceived as the states representatives of power and authority. The reality is that only rarely is the real nature of the police service broadcast and very rarely is the man inside the uniform understood or known. Yet we understand his role to be critical. What is generally agreed is that when faced with trouble, people expect quick police response and victims want and expect the effective service of a professional. Based on the wide range of service demands there is little wonder that both citizens and police alike are sometimes unclear about the definition of the role of the police in the prevention rather than the detection of crime. The following points are essential: The police are not separate from the people. They draw their authority from the will and consent of the people. The police are the state appointed instruments through which citizens can achieve and maintain public order. Police officers are decision makers and often decide whether to arrest, to make a referral, to seek prosecution, or to use force. Police officers are just as accountable for their decisions as the magistrate or judge is for decisions deliberated for months. The police officer must understand complex cultural and social problems and relationships to be efficient and effective. A police officer is a part of and not apart from: a. The community served b. The criminal justice system that determines what course society will pursue to deter lawbreakers or rehabilitate offenders in the interest of public order c. The government that provides the formal base of authority. The police officer initiates the criminal justice process through arrest of suspects and can be held accountable where they fail to take action. The police are the criminal justice element in closest contact with the public (and therefore are frequently blamed for failures in other parts of the system). The police are helpless to control crime without the cooperation of a substantial portion of the people. The role of the police thus becomes: to anticipate that crime will occur when risks are high, to recognize when a high-crime risk exists to appraise the seriousness of the particular risk to initiate action to remove or reduce the risk. Educational, technical and supportive resource- an enabler rather than a primary doer. The police role in crime prevention strategies should: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Utilize the patrol function to create and maintain efforts to identify and arrest suspects à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Serve as a source for public information and training regarding crime prevention programs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coordinate crime prevention activities in their respective jurisdictions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Share information with the public gathered through police data analysis capabilities concerning the kinds of crime and the methods being used by perpetrators against citizens à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Take initiative to develop organized crime prevention functions within each department Policymakers Participation Many earlier efforts to establish crime prevention programmes carefully skirted the issues of assessing the role of the public sector or seeking to involve the policymakers. This hesitancy was brought about in part because notions of crime prevention were seen as new and untested and hadnt been accepted as a viable response to long-standing social and economic problems. Very few programmes have been able to document specific successes in actually demonstrating a reduction of crime. Additionally, some communities had experiences with receiving political support for crime prevention programmes during the course of a political election, only to be quietly swept under the rug when elections were over and the difficult job of meeting budgets was underway in the face of declining resources. Slowly, isolated experiences surfaced that demonstrated a positive relationship between renew citizen participation in crime prevention/opportunity reduction programmes and a lower residential burglary or vandalism rate in neighbourhoods. Policymakers were willing to take a closer look. Such closer scrutiny led in Barbados to the establishment of the National Task Force on Crime Prevention in June 1996. This agency collaborates with the Royal Barbados Police Force on the analysis of national crime statistics and initiate programmes aimed at reducing crime in selected residential communities. In 1968 in the United States of America, Congress established a legislative priority and provided monetary resources to jurisdictions for mounting crime prevention efforts and funded them through the Justice Department Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA). Activity: A Caribbean Perspective The aforementioned has been the American experience. Can you think of ways this approach can be adapted to match the Caribbean reality appropriate for your country. Post your suggestions in the discussion forum and react to suggestions posed by your classmates. Activity 4:2 As a result of this increased interest by officials in the public sector and the interaction within communities, there is now a more clearly defined role of the policymakers in the community crime prevention process. Practitioners are confident that this role will continue to evolve and clarify over time, but for the present, I offer the following points on the role of the policymaker: 1. Provides leadership in setting public policy that establishes a jurisdiction-wide crime prevention programme. 2. Encourages coordination and cooperation between government agencies to maximize existing resources and avoid duplication of efforts. 3. Develops and adopts building security codes. 4. Actively promotes opportunity reduction practices for public owned properties, such as: a. marking all valuables with property identification numbers b. providing adequate, security lighting c. installing deadbolt locking devices 5. Promotes crime prevention education and training for employees within the public sector. 6. Provides financial support for crime prevention programmes. 7. Publicly supports crime prevention programmes to encourage other groups and individuals to participate. 8. Designates a permanent public agency to serve as an organizational base for crime Prevention programmes. 9. Demonstrates a long-term commitment to crime prevention by passing a formal resolution to sanction the crime prevention programme. 10. Requires accountability of programme efforts. The Crime Prevention Practitioner: Building a Community Team Even after the various elements within a community have a basic understanding of their role and responsibilities in a community crime prevention effort, there still remains vital work to be done in order to establish a promising crime prevention programme in a community. Much effort has been virtually wasted in the past as various groups go about well-meaning attempts to establish programmes for prevention without a coordinated approach. Likewise, a community crime prevention team doesnt just happen. The various elements that exist in your community must be linked together before any game plan can be written. This task requires specific attention. One or more individuals must be identified to play the coaching role and to mold representatives from various sides of the triangle into a working team. These specialists are called crime prevention practitioners. Who are they and what do they do? Practitioners across the country represent a wide cross-section of our population. Some are criminal justice professionals, some are elected officials. Many are business people, school teachers, or civic club volunteers. Crime prevention practitioners sometimes volunteer while others arc elected. In either case, they play a significant role in the community crime prevention process. A profile of successful practitioners would include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ willingness to contribute a significant amount of time to crime prevention efforts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the enthusiasm to motivate others à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a basic knowledge of the criminal justice system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ a comprehensive understanding of the concepts of crime prevention and the ability to teach and advise others . . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ capability of assessing skills and resources within the community à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the ability to relate to all interested groups and match these interests to the overall program effort à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the expertise to facilitate links that achieve a coordinated approach to programming à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ good organizational skills à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ an understanding of the nature of the political process and the guidance that enables public support to be translated through decision-makers into public policy Above all, the successful practitioner will possess two primary attributes: COMMITMENT to the cause, and the PERSISTENCE to continue the commitment over time in the face of obstacles that are sure to arise. Activity: Mini Investigation Identify and categorize the crime prevention practitioners in your territory. Report your findings to the course coordinator or tutor. Activity 4:3 Summary: In this session we have examined specific crime prevention strategies focused around the crime prevention triangle. In this session we highlighted the critical roles of individuals as a sub-sect of organizations, at one end of the continuum and the community as whole. The role of the police, and policy makers were also highlighted as essential to the construction of good crime prevention policy and practice. In the next session we will look at the role of the criminal justice system in the control of crime and acts of unsocial behaviour.

Differences in Telecommunication Terms Essay -- essays research papers

This paper will attempt to define and contrast the following terms: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Synchronous and asynchronous b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analog and digital c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  XON and XOFF d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simplex and duplex e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serial and parallel transmission f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baseband and broadband g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) It will also contain a brief description and analysis of the OSI layers that are used with the TCP/IP protocol stack. Synchronous and Asynchronous In referring to the signal that passes through telephone lines, the transfer methods may be either synchronous or asynchronous. A synchronous data transfer is sent in a continuous, single stream of characters, grouped into buffered bits. Before the transmission is sent, synchronous characters are sent that set the sending and the receiving ends to the same time. Once affirmation of the syn pulse is returned, the stream is sent to the receiving end. An asynchronous data transfer consists of start and stop bits at the beginning and the end of the pulses that are sent. (Modem, 2004) Analog and digital An analog signal is an exact replica of the sound or picture being transmitted. An analog wave signal is a signal that consists of changing amplitudes of frequencies. An analog transmission is used over telephone lines to transmit voice frequencies over a carrier frequency through the telephone line. An electric current reproduces the frequency for transmission, then it is converted at the other end back into the sound wave. A digital signal is a square wave signal consisting of a voltage and then a lack of voltage. Digital transmission involves laser lights that flash on and off and are carried through fiber optic lines. This is a very fast transmission rate (approximately 450 flashes per second) and can result in two fiber optic transmission lines to be able to transmit almost 15,000 conversations at the same time. Digital transmission is faster than analog, and also is more stable, as less noise or other interference can disrupt ... ...es not really say such about what happen here, except to point out that the host has connect to the network using some protocol so it can transmit IP packets over it. This protocol is not specified and varies from host to host and network to network. From: http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/text8-24-2004-58325.asp References ComputerHope. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/x/xonxoff.htm Ckslsc. Retrieved November 20 , 2004 from:http://www.csklsc.net/wong-sir/data_communications/baseband_broadband.htm Eserver. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://eserver.bell.ac.uk/mirrors/dc100www/dc_014.htm Freedictionary. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/serial%20transmission Intersil. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: www.intersil.com/design/commlink/glossary/index.asp Modem. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from http://www.modem.com/glossary/glos15.html Searchwebservices. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214211,00.html Thinkquest. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from http://library.thinkquest.org/27887/gather/fundamentals/analog_and_digital.shtml Differences in Telecommunication Terms Essay -- essays research papers This paper will attempt to define and contrast the following terms: a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Synchronous and asynchronous b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Analog and digital c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  XON and XOFF d.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simplex and duplex e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serial and parallel transmission f.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baseband and broadband g.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) h.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP) i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP) It will also contain a brief description and analysis of the OSI layers that are used with the TCP/IP protocol stack. Synchronous and Asynchronous In referring to the signal that passes through telephone lines, the transfer methods may be either synchronous or asynchronous. A synchronous data transfer is sent in a continuous, single stream of characters, grouped into buffered bits. Before the transmission is sent, synchronous characters are sent that set the sending and the receiving ends to the same time. Once affirmation of the syn pulse is returned, the stream is sent to the receiving end. An asynchronous data transfer consists of start and stop bits at the beginning and the end of the pulses that are sent. (Modem, 2004) Analog and digital An analog signal is an exact replica of the sound or picture being transmitted. An analog wave signal is a signal that consists of changing amplitudes of frequencies. An analog transmission is used over telephone lines to transmit voice frequencies over a carrier frequency through the telephone line. An electric current reproduces the frequency for transmission, then it is converted at the other end back into the sound wave. A digital signal is a square wave signal consisting of a voltage and then a lack of voltage. Digital transmission involves laser lights that flash on and off and are carried through fiber optic lines. This is a very fast transmission rate (approximately 450 flashes per second) and can result in two fiber optic transmission lines to be able to transmit almost 15,000 conversations at the same time. Digital transmission is faster than analog, and also is more stable, as less noise or other interference can disrupt ... ...es not really say such about what happen here, except to point out that the host has connect to the network using some protocol so it can transmit IP packets over it. This protocol is not specified and varies from host to host and network to network. From: http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/text8-24-2004-58325.asp References ComputerHope. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/x/xonxoff.htm Ckslsc. Retrieved November 20 , 2004 from:http://www.csklsc.net/wong-sir/data_communications/baseband_broadband.htm Eserver. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://eserver.bell.ac.uk/mirrors/dc100www/dc_014.htm Freedictionary. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/serial%20transmission Intersil. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: www.intersil.com/design/commlink/glossary/index.asp Modem. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from http://www.modem.com/glossary/glos15.html Searchwebservices. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from: http://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci214211,00.html Thinkquest. Retrieved November 20, 2004 from http://library.thinkquest.org/27887/gather/fundamentals/analog_and_digital.shtml

The Role of Polyglutamine Expansions in Huntington’s Disease Essay

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative dominant disorder caused by the expansions of polyglutamine in the gene encoding for Huntington’s protein. It is a developmental autosomal brain disorder that affects muscle coordination, emotional and personality problems. As well as subcortical dementia, further leading to cognitive decline this is all related with selective neuronal cell death mainly associated in the striatum and cortex (Scherzinger et al., 1997). HD causes emotional problems, uncontrolled movements and the loss of thinking ability. It can lead to disability and death from the illness. There are two forms of this disease: adult-onset and early-onset (juvenile). Adult onset is by the far most common for HD; symptoms develop between the ages of mid 30s/40s, an individual will live an average of 20 years after symptoms and signs begin. Premature signs and symptoms are depression, involuntary movements, trouble learning new information, poor coordination; this can all progress very severely. The development of pre-disease symptoms into twitching or jerking is referred as Chorea. HD can be referred to Huntington Chorea. Although adult onset is more common disorder, juvenile form, defined by the onset of signs and symptoms before the age of 21 years, this occurs in about 7% of HD cases. (Nance, 2001) Juvenile onset has similar symptoms however the disease progresses more quickly compared to the adult onset form. Gente (1985) results showed findings by others, that the most juvenile-onset patients inherit the gene from their fathers and that the late-onset form is more frequently inherited from affected mothers. HD occurs due to CAG/polyglutamine(polyQ) expansions, in the first exon of a gene encoding a la... ..., C. and Bates, G, P. (2004). Huntingtin and the molecular pathogenesis of Huntington’s disease. EMBO reports 5. 958-963 Nance, M, A. and Myers, R, H. (2001) Panov, A, V., Gutekunst, C., Leavitt, B, R., Hayden, M, R., Burke, J, R., Strittmatter, W, J. And Greenamyre, J, T. (2002) Early mitochondrial calcium defects in Huntington’s Disease are a direct effect of Polyglutamines. Nature neuroscience. Volume 5 no 8 Ross, C, A. (2002). Polyglutamine Pathogenesis: Emergence of Unifying Mechanism for Huntington’s Disease and Related Disorders. Neuron, Vol. 35,819-822. Scherzinger, E., Lurz, R., Turmaine, M., Mangiarini, L., Hollenbach, Birgit., Hasenbank, R., Bates, G, P., Davies, S, W., Lehrach, H and Wanker, E, E. (1997). Huntington-Encoded Polyglutamine Expansions Form Amyloid-like Protein Aggregates In Vitro and In Vivo. Cell, Vol.90, 549-558. Zhang,

Milk Production Linear Programing Essay

Abstract – A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed in this paper that targets the optimal production scheduling in a single milk production line. The model takes into account all the standard constraints encountered in production scheduling (material balances, inventory limitations, machinery capacity, labor shifts and manpower restrictions). Furthermore, it considers special features that characterize milk production, which are limitations in production sequencing mainly due to different fat contents and flavors of various products and sequence-dependent setup times and costs. The objective function that is minimized considers all major sources of variable cost that depend on the production schedule, i. e. changeover cost, inventory cost and labor cost. The model is applied to a milk production line of a Sala industry in Iran and the results are presented and discussed. Keywords: Production scheduling; Mixed integer linear programming; Sequence-dependent setups. 1. Introduction Several restrictions encountered in everyday production complicate the scheduling problem. The available machine time and man hours constitute a significant restriction to the problem. Another issue in the scheduling process is accomplishment of the production targets. There are several possible modes of operation and the choice among them depends on the goal sought, which could be the optimization of production earliness or tardiness or the optimization of the incurring production profit or cost.. There could also be limitations in the production sequence. Technical issues can arise due to configuration modifications in the machinery during transitions or due to changes in the packaging materials. Both require a changeover time,during which the production is seized. In some cases the equipment has to be cleaned during transitions,which additionally creates a changeover costdue to losses of product quantities and consumption of utilities. Much of the scheduling research is directed towards problems with sequence-independent transitions. A scheduling methodology that incorporates sequence-dependent changeovers would be closer to reality and increase its effectiveness to a great extent. This can be justified as follows:If a sequence of operations requires excessive changeover time,it should not be preferred,despite the fact that its setup cost may be small. Setup cost in this situation would be high; setup time would vary depending on the cleaning procedure. A comprehensive review of scheduling problems that consider sequence-dependent transitions between products can be found in Reklaitis(2000) and Allahverdi et al. (1999). Another important issue that must be considered in milk production scheduling is the rather short life-cycle of the products that must be consumed in a matter of weeks or even days. Furthermore, customers prefer that the milk they buy is as fresh as possible. This pushes towards a just-in-time mode of operation,which makes the supply chain more susceptible to fluctuations in demand. All the above factors need to be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of the scheduling process. (Schuermann &Kannan, 1977; Sullivan & Secrest, 1985) + Corresponding author. Tel. : 09183601930 ; E-mail address: h-javanmardha@iau-arak. ac. ir 318 1. 1. Nomenclature Indices †¢ †¢ i days j, k, l products N scheduling horizon (days) P number of products demand(i, j) demand for product j on day i (ton) csetup(j,k) changeover cost from product j to productk (â‚ ¬) tsetup(j,k) changeover time from product j to productk (h). Cstorage storage cost (â‚ ¬/1000 cups/day) costs for the three shifts (â‚ ¬/h) u(j) machine speed for product j (ton/h) openinv(i, j), tarinv(i, j) opening and target inventory level of product j at the end of day i (ton) M(j), l(j) maximum and minimum production lots(ton) prod(i,j) produced quantity of product j on day i (ton) inv(i, j) inventory level of product j at the end of day i(ton) Time(i) total utilization of machine, including changeover times on day i (h) BIN(i, j) production of product j on day i (1/0) BINSETUP(i,j,k) changeover from product j to product k on day i (1/0). The rest of the paper is structured as follows: In the next section the motivating example that led to the development of the model is briefly described. 1. 2. Parameters †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1. 3. Decision variables †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. Problem definition – model formulation. The problem that is examined in this paper has the following structure: Given †¢ the daily demand of each product, †¢ the starting inventory, †¢ setup costs and times for the transitions between products, †¢ the production speed of each product, †¢ the inventory holding cost, †¢ the labor cost for the three working shifts, †¢ the sequencing limitations 3. objective of the model is to decide and calculate the products to be manufactured in each day and their respective quantities, †¢ the machine time (starting time and ending time) utilized by each product †¢ the inventory quantities of each product at the †¢ end of each day. At the same time, the constraints of the problem should be met. There are restrictions in: †¢ production demands, †¢ due dates of orders, †¢ sequencing of operations, †¢ available machine time and man hours. †¢ More precisely, the basic characteristics of the proposed scheduling tool are the following: †¢ †¢ 3. 1 3. 2 319 Model formulation and time representation: The formulation that is presented in this paper uses binary variables to indicate whether setup between two products takes place or not. The total scheduling horizon is separated into discrete-time periods, whose length isequal to one day. Within each time period, continuous- time formulation was preferred in order to reduce the size of the model and the required solution time and increase the accuracy of the model regarding time representation. †¢ Food industry-specific: The methodology that is presented in this work is oriented towards the food industry, as it takes into consideration a set of production restrictions that are frequent in food and especially milk production practice. Moreover, transitions between products are sequence dependent, meaning that both changeover times and costs are considered as sequence dependent. One more industry-specific requirement is the fact that at the endof the day all the equipment must be cleaned. So, production is seized at the end of each day. (P. Doganis, H.Sarimveis / Journal of Food Engineering 80 (2007) 445–453 447). †¢ Demand satisfaction: Demand is product-specific and is considered daily, that is, there are product orders and due dates within the scheduling horizon, often multiple within the week. Early production is possible but tardiness is not allowed. †¢ Decision variables: A number of model characteristics are not fixed or pre-determined in order to allow the solution algorithm to search for a combination of their values that would optimize the objective function. †¢ Objective function: The objective function not only takes makespan into consideration, but also includes setup costs, standard and overtime labor costs and inventory costs. The model is formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem, which is explained in details in the sequel. 3. 3 Parameters †¢ scheduling horizon, †¢ number and sequencing of products, †¢ demand of each product for each day, †¢ setup time and cost for each possible transition, †¢ storage cost of a unit of product for a day, †¢ labor cost for each shift, †¢ machine speed for each product, †¢ opening inventories and target inventories at the end of the scheduling horizon. 3. 4 Decision variables The optimal values of the decision variables are provided by the solution of the optimization problem and can be grouped into continuous variables and binary variables. For each day in the scheduling horizon, the optimal values of the following variables are obtained: †¢ 3. 5 Continuous variables The produced quantity of each product. The inventory level of each product at the end of the day. †¢ The total utilization of the machine including the setup times. Binary variables †¢ Binary variables (one for each product) indicating whether the respective product is to be produced in the particular day. †¢ Binary variables (one for each possible transition) indicating whether the respective changeover will take place or not. †¢ †¢ 3. 6 4. Objective function – minimization of The objective function represents the production cost, variable cost csetup(j,l). BINSETUP(i,j,l)+ inv(i,j). cstorage +?cost . Time(i) which is comprised of the setup costs, the inventory holding costs and the labor costs for all days of the scheduling horizon. Raw material and utility costs do not depend on any particular schedule and are not included in the objectivefunction. 320 4. 1 Constraints The constraints that must be satisfied are expressed by the following set of equations. The names of the parameters and variables are explained in the nomenclature. 4. 1. 1 Relationship between continuous variables and binary Variables Prod(i, j)? m(j). bin(i,,j) Prod(i,,j)?  µ(j). bin(i,,j) where m(j) and  µ (j) indicate the maximum and the smallest lot sizes allowed. The above inequalities express the restriction that production of product j in day i is allowed (prod(i, j) > 0) if and only if the binary variable BIN(i, j) takes the value of 1. Similarly, product j is not manufactured in day i (prod(i, j) = 0), if and only if the binary variable BIN(i, j) takes the value of 0. 4. 1. 2 Total material balance for each product throughout the scheduling horizon Openinv(j)+? prod(i,,j)=? demand(i,,j)+inv(N,,j) The summation of produced quantities of product j throughout the production horizon plus the initial inventory must equal the sum of demand of all days plus the inventory of product j at the end of the last day. †¢ Earliness is possible, but no tardiness is allowed Inv(1,,j)=openinv(j)+prod(1,,j)-demand(1,,j) Inv(1,j)? 0 Inv(i,j)=inv(i-1,,j)+prod(i,,j)-demand(i,,j) i>1 Constraints (5 and (6 calculate the daily inventory levels for each product j, while at the same time require that daily demands are satisfied and no tardiness is allowed. At the end of the first day, the inventory must equal the initial inventory plus any produced quantity, reduced by the demand of that day (Eq. 5 On any other day, the inventory must be equal to the inventory level of the previous day plus any produced quantity, reduced by that day’s demand. †¢ Satisfaction of the target inventory level at the end of the scheduling horizon Inv(N,,j)=tarinv(j) The inventory levels at the end of the scheduling horizon must meet the targets. 4. 2 Case study. The case study presented here concerns a specific milk production line, where 4products are produced. The products are indicated in Table 1 along with the production speeds. The problem for a six-day schedulinghorizon. The proposed tool was utilized to calculate the optimal production schedule for a week, for which the complete list of data are shown in Tables 1–5 Both opening and target inventories are set to zero for all 4different products in this case study. Setup constraints We need the binary variable BINSETUP(i, j,l) to take the value of 1 if and only if there is a changeover from product j to product l on day i. This is achieved by the following set of inequalities:where k is a sufficiently small number. It is shown that for each case there is only one possiblevalue of BINSETUP (i, j, l), which is becoming equal to 1, only if BIN(i, j) is 1 and BIN(i,l) is 1 . The MILPoptimization problem that was formulated was solved using the LINDO 6. 1The optimal production schedule, daily machine utilization and daily inventory levels are depicted respectively in Tables 6-8e production schedule contains the decisions concerning the products to be manufactured every day and therespective quantities. As can be observed, 321 production is accommodated towards the minimization of cost. Table 8 gives the daily machine utilization time allocated to each product. Additionally, the total time that the machine is utilized every day (including the changeover times) is shown in the last row of the same table Table 1 Production sequence and machine speed Priority Product Machine speed (in ton) machine speed 1 2 3 4 PRODUCTION P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk U(j) 36 30 24 18 Table 2 Changeover costs (in â‚ ¬) PRODUCTION Changover costs 1 2 3 P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Sterile 130000 Homogenized 520000 520000 Coco 650000 650000 790000 Table 3 Change over times (in h) PRODUCTION Changover times 1 2 2 P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Sterile 0. 8 Homogenized 0. 3 0. 3 Coco 0. 4 0. 4 0. 5 Tale4 Maximum & minimum production on day(in ton). PRODUCTION Capacity of production 1 2 3 4 p Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk  µ (j) 18 15 12 9 m(j) 288 240 192 144 Table 5 Production demand during the scheduling horizon (in ton) Production Daily demand Wednesday Thursday 150 150 100 60 28 19 15 sum 550 420 160 135 P Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Pasteurized milk 50 200 Sterile milk 27 150 83 Homogenized milk 20 25 53 43 Coco milk 42 20 30. Table 6 The calculated production schedule (in ton) Production Daily production Wednesday Thursday 150 18 100 15 14 28 sum 550 420 160 135 P Saturday Sunday monday tuesday Pasteurized milk 288 94 Sterile milk 72 150 83 Homogenized milk 20 12 12 12 Coco milk 42 56 Table7 Daily production time including setup times (in h) 322 Production Daily production time.rized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk Saturday 8 2. 4 0. 8 2. 3 Sunday 2. 6 0. 5 3. 1 Monday 5 0. 5 Tuesday 2. 8 0. 5 0. 5 Wednesday Thursday 4. 2 3. 3 1. 6 0. 5 0. 5 4. 3. Table 8 Inventory levels beyond the safety limits at the end of each day (in ton) inventory P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk saturday 238 72 Daily inventory sunday monday 94 tuesday Wednesday Thursday 104 56 In these charts both production times for the different products and changeover times between products can be observed. Finally, Table 8 provides full knowledge of the inventory profile throughout the scheduling horizon. 5. Conclusions. The problem of production scheduling for a milk productionline of a dairy industry was studied in this work. The specific restrictions of the milk production process were taken into consideration in the formulation of a production scheduling optimization problem. The problem contains only linear equalities and inequalities, so that the global optimum solution is reached in a very short time. Another important aspect is that the optimization criterion is not restricted to time consideration (i. e. production time or earliness/tardiness), but includes production sequence dependent costs, labor costs and inventory holding costs, in order to represent more realistically the production cost while achieving production goals. The model produces the complete production schedule for a selected future horizon, including the sequence of products that should be produced every day and the respective quantities and the inventory levels at the endof each day. Ultimately, a production planning system that would include all production lines in a plant, including raw material and inventory capacity considerations, would offer a complete scheduling tool for the dairy industry. FinanLP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE 1) 46920000 6. References 32 [1] Allahverdi, A. , Gupta, J. N. D. , & Aldowaisan, T. (1999). A review of scheduling research involving setup considerations. Omega, 27(2),219–239. [2] Nakhla, M. (1995).. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 15(8), 73–88. [3] Pinto, J. M., & Grossmann, I. E. (1998). Assignment and sequencing models for the scheduling of chemical processes. Annals of Operations Research, 81, 433–466. [4] Kohansal(2007),national congeress of food technology,1-5 [5] Reklaitis, G. V. (2000). Overview of planning and scheduling technologies. Latin American Applied Research, 30(4), 285–293. [6] Schuermann, A. C. , & Kannan, N. P. (1977). A production forecasting and planning system for dairy processing. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 2, 153–158. [7] Sullivan, S. , & Secrest, S. C. (1985). A simple optimization DSS for Interfaces, 15, 46–53. Philip DOGANIS(2007)journal of food engineering,445-453. 323.