Legal framework for social work in United Kingdom Essay

Lawful system for social work in United Kingdom Presentation   Social work is characterized as an expert and scholastic control that will look to have enhancement for the people, groups’ and communities’ personal satisfaction and their prosperity through having arrangements, leading investigates, sorting out networks and educating to benefit the individuals influenced by social constraints that may incorporate destitution, mental and physical affliction, social treachery including infringement of human rights. Universal (Federation of Social Workers 2000). These gatherings may incorporate school dropouts, the old in the general public, adolescent wrongdoers, medication and liquor abusers and the destitute   Social laborers will work in various settings inside a lot of system of enactment and practices. The setting may incorporate a school circumstance, the administration users’ home, a clinic or an open area premise Social work esteems   Social work is contended to be esteem based. Since it is a calling on, social hard working attitudes (values) accordingly allude to a lot of rules that need to administer the manner in which experts treat the individuals they connect with and the kind of activities that are viewed as right or wrong. They offer a dream and acumen (Bernstein 1970)   Social work in the United Kingdom happens in four circles. The primary circle is significantly an idea identifies with the ethical way of thinking that makes the moral contentions on social work. The subsequent circle depends on the enactment that has made a domain for training of social work concerning the social work cases. The third circle is the political thoughts and ideas and their impact in molding and forming the social work models, social work techniques and practices. The last circle presents the chronicled piece of the start of social work as a calling and its battle for proficient personality. These circles are broadened, mid range and limited meanings of social hard working attitudes and qualities (Bernard et al 2008, p. 6)   This paper will concentrate on the subsequent circle regarding the United Kingdom. Social work and law   Social function as a calling needs to adhere to specific laws and guidelines which oversee the calling. The lawful system includes the rule laws and case laws and attempts to clarify the relationship that joins them. In addition, it subtleties enactment of the administration under demonstrations of parliament, the global laws, strategy direction, and the nearby government handouts that articulate the reason and direction standards of enactment. Wellbeing and Care proficient Council code of training   As a social specialist, it is central to know about the legitimate commitments expected of them to make a sound and safe working conditions. The General Social Care Council code of training forces more obligations for bosses of social laborers. The code expresses that (Brayne and Carr 2002, P. 49) The social laborer will ensure and advance interests of the administration clients The social laborer will endeavor to set up, keep up trust and certainty of the administration clients The social laborer will advance autonomy of the administration clients while giving them security from conceivable damage The social laborer will regard the privileges of the administration clients while guaranteeing that their conduct won't hurt others and themselves The social laborer will maintain the open trust and trust in the social consideration administrations The social laborer will be responsible for quality in their work and assuming liability for support and improvement of their insight Demonstrations of parliament The Carew standard Act 2000   This Act has a huge job in the social consideration fill in as it extended the enlistment system for the social consideration in England and that of Wales for arrangement of the children’s administrations, the Act requires the accompanying: Enlistment of youngsters homes Enlistment of family centre’s Enlistment of the free cultivating organizations Enlistment of the deliberate reception organizations Enlistment of help organizations   To be a changeless enrolled part one needs to meet a lot of guidelines customized to every individual assistance. In coming up to a choice whether the administrative necessity shave been satisfied, the enlisting authority must have a respect to least National measures. England’s enrollment authority is Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (OFSTED). The Social laborers and the social consideration administrations can't work without having fulfilled the above necessities. As a social laborer or a social consideration specialist co-op, there is a need to have information to keep away from arraignment by Law The wellbeing and social consideration Act 2012   This bill was settled upon by the two houses and got the Royal Assent on the 27th of March to turn into a demonstration of parliament. The bill made a free National Health Service Board to advance decisions made by the patients with respect to their medical problems and diminished the organization instrument of the National Health Service. A National Health Service Board was additionally made to designate assets and give direction on authorizing of social consideration administrations. Forces of the government’s capacity to commission benefits for the benefit of patients were expanded. The capacity of the Care Quality Commission was fortified and Section 209 of this Act altered. The forces of the new law under Section 60 of the 199 Act gave her highness the force by request in the board to manage social specialists and social consideration experts of England. This set the job of social laborers and the job of social medicinal services suppliers straightforwardly under h er highness (Britain 2012, p. 9). This Act put a great deal of Significance on Social Care administrations being given in the United Kingdom. A thought on the grown-up social consideration was underlined. For instance, permitting the exchange of general wellbeing to the neighborhood specialists through nearby wellbeing and the prosperity sheets. Different new bodies have risen, for example, the Local wellbeing watches which have an element of keeping an eye on wellbeing and the social consideration gauges. Children’s Act 2004.   In England, the law secures the privilege of kids. Area 11 and 12 of this Act puts a legal obligation on all organizations to co-work and advance the government assistance of the kids. The administration direction for social specialists and different experts that cooperate with youngsters is that: the social laborer has an obligation of protecting the kids. There ought to be consistent criticism to the youngsters social consideration nearby expert on recommendations and appraisal and in conclusion each individual who has a job ought not believe that he/she has indisputably the privilege to the child’s needs. Experts in some cases neglect to report the maltreatment and disregard cases don't confront punishments for wrongdoing be that as it may; they may be exposed to proficient control Open Services (Social Value) Act 2012   The bill got a Royal Assent on eighth of March. The bill planned to invigorate the social endeavor organizations areas and make applicable the idea of social worth and its significance in the setting and giving of open administrations. With this bill a National Social venture procedure was made to energize the commitment in social endeavors. The nearby government act 2000 segment 4 was then required to have a feasible network methodology recommendation that advance the commitment of social venture in their regions. The Local Authority Social Services Act 1970   This Act united the various fields of social work into a solitary Social help division in each neighborhood authority. With this foundation, an accentuation was laid on a co-ordinated and exhaustive arrangement of way to deal with the social consideration, the help of families and distinguishing the requirement for individuals to look for help. The planned offices at that point got liable for local guide, private settlement and recreational administrations. Care board of Wales   All social specialists ought to be enlisted. It is one of the bodies ordered to enroll and controls the exercises of the social specialists and all other social consideration in Wales. The consideration committee is set up under the Care Standards Act 2000. It incorporates the codes of expert practice, direct standards, and an entrenched rule on the complainant’s technique. Some different highlights got to incorporate interview administrations, yearly reports, the pamphlets and the e-notices. Enlistment of laborers guarantees that there is as steady information of accessible social specialists and social medicinal services laborers in a given state or locale. It is anything but difficult to check a certifiable laborer and stays away from shams who may be out on crimes Care and Social Services of the inspectorate of Wales   This is a body commanded to controlling and assessing the foundation of organizations that offer social consideration benefits in Wales district. It does obligations for the clergymen of Wales. It has been given force under Act 2003 of the Social and Health care to investigate the treatment of social administrations by the nearby specialists. On their site, one can raise a question on social laborers lead for fundamental activity. Rights and opportunities of Social laborers and restrictions Manual for data sharing   Social work is an expert obligation. When managing kids, England places accentuation on compelling data sharing between the neighborhood offices and the social specialists on distinguishing proof and evaluation of administration arrangements. These are characterized in â€Å"Working together to defend youngsters (PDF). Under this direction, section 1.24 states plainly that feelings of dread that emerge on sharing individual data ought not ruin advancement of a child’s government assistance

The situation in Sonoco, a consumer packaging company reflected inept Essay

The circumstance in Sonoco, a customer bundling organization reflected bumbling human asset the executives exercises - Essay Example This paper investigates the circumstance in Sonoco, a customer bundling organization reflected clumsy human asset the executives exercises. The uncouthness of the human asset the board exercises owes to its jumbling with the operational exercises of the organization. Sonoco as a purchaser bundling organization was found to increase a high measure of development rate both as far as market and budgetary worth. The circumstance of the organization turned grave after the time of 1990s when national emergency like decrease in trade volume or budgetary emergency in the Asian market made its deals to decay by around 6 percent during the period 1995 to 1999. This decrease in deals volume from $2.7 to $2.5 billion brought about the organization changing its operational structure to lessen the measure of consumption. In this manner the operational technique contrived by the organization the executives was required to endless supply of expanded deals volume while viably dealing with the cost st ructure of the worry to sidestep undue ascent of use. Sonoco in the past periods obtained immense measure of development by following up on procedures like acquisitions where it is recorded that in the period relating to 1990s around 60 organizations were gained on a worldwide premise. Enormous buyer item organizations like Nestle, Gillette, Kraft and Procter and Gamble had a place with the shopper profile of Sonoco. The organization likewise worked in the turn of events and rendering of development chances of the representatives of the organization. This aided in the improvement of collaboration in the company.... This disguise of the underperformers in the organization is viewed as one of the significant elements that set off the decrease of business for the organization after the 1990 period. Conclusion of the Problems The issue being recognized in the above section this part requires a consistent determination of the equivalent. The conclusion or examination of the issues can be made dependent on the investigation based by Cindy Hartley, the recently delegated Vice President of Human Resources activities. It was noted by Cindy that the current HR the board practices of the organization were determined to an extremely decentralized and conventional note. This decentralization of HR working in the organization neglected to viably address the necessities of the worry relating to the various offices. Further the pretended by the HR directors relating to various divisions were found to work dependent on a strategic note and in this way neglected to render any kind of vital choices. These HR chie fs coordinated to a great extent with the head supervisors relating to the various divisions by methods for direct revealing exercises. Anyway in that reacting to the calls of the corporate director relating to the HR division the equivalent is reflected to be led in a circuitous manner. HR working in the organization were considered as back end process with no such connection to the operational exercises. Accordingly no such arranging was made to upgrade the capability of the HR working in the worry. Again with respect to the corporate administrator of HR in the worry it was discovered that the director

Seven Things to Check out in the Drawn and Quarterly Anthology

Seven Things to Check out in the Drawn and Quarterly Anthology The publication of the 25 Years of Drawn and Quarterly Anthology has been one of my highlights of the year so far and over the past couple of months I have spent a lot of time enjoying it. I have to admit when it first arrived I was a little worried about how I would manage to hold it on my lap without cutting off circulation to my feet, I was concerned that if I balanced it on my forearm I might stop reading a few hours later to find my fingers had fallen off. But once I had worked my way round these logistical concerns and had done some free weights to prepare for the sheer weight of it I was ready to begin. Before I started I decided I was going to dip in and out of this, reading one or two contributions each time, choosing either a comic or an interview or an essay as the mood took me. I can thoroughly recommend this approach as it meant I never felt too overwhelmed by the content and the book’s sheer size. Earlier this week Brenna wrote about the best facts she had learned when reading the anthology and I think that really neatly highlights one of my favourite aspects of this book, that it isn’t only a collection of comics by creators connected with Drawn and Quarterly but also a space in which those that have worked for and with them can share their memories and experiences of this Montreal institution. So without further ado, I’m going to share with you my seven favourite bits of the Drawn and Quarterly anthology so far and if you’re struggling to know where to start then these might help you make your choice! Julie Doucet Pages 522 to 541 My love for Julie Doucet’s work runs deep and true, her work is honest, direct and unflinching in its desire to unsettle the reader and be true. This collection of short extracts from her work starts with ‘An English Lesson’ from issue 2 of Dirty Plotte and continues with accounts from J.C. Menu (co-founder of L’Association), the writer Deb Olin Unferth, TomDevlin and Geneviève Castrée, all setting out just why Doucet’s art is so special and important to them personally. It then goes on to offer a few more extracts from her work and this sections serves not only as the perfect introduction for a Doucet virgin but also made me mourn all over again the fact that she has retired from comics. Michel Rabagliati Pages 349 â€" 357 Michel Rabagliati is EVERYTHING. His art is beautiful, his characters charming and his stories funny but moving. This extract from his 2008 book Paul Goes Fishing is one of the stand-out moments in the book. The young Paul encounters a distressed young girl in a run-down area of Montreal and the ensuing story will not only make you cry but also give you a fantastic taster of what Rabagliati’s comics are all about. If you like what you see here then I thoroughly recommend you pick up his book The Song of Roland and a king-size box of tissues while you’re at it. Geneviève Castrée Pages 448 to 455 Castrée’s Blankets Are Always Sleeping is a beautiful meditation on sleep, beds and what her sleeping arrangements mean. Told through a series of illustrations of different beds, each topped with different blankets collected by Castrée over the years, this is a gorgeous and moving short story. Marguerite Abouet Clément Oubrerie Pages 657 to 664 This section contains a short extract from Abouet Oubrerie’s 2007 comic Aya: Life in Yop City as well as an appreciation of them penned by Calvin Reid. As someone who has heard good things about Aya but somehow never managed to get  round to buying and reading it, I was enchanted by this extract and Reid’s praises and shall be rectifying this hole in my collection very soon indeed. If you already know and love these books then I think you’ll enjoy this section nonetheless. Voice Lessons: An Interview with Helge Dascher Pages 103 to 107 You may have noticed that quite a few of the extracts I have chosen are comics originally published in French. I found this interview with the translator of many of DQ’s comics really interesting, it gave fascinating insights not only into life as a translator but also the behind the scenes dynamics of DQ and the relationship between translator, editor and artist. Kate Beaton Pages 58 to 58 This affectionate duo of comics, called No Problem and Just Kidding, tells the same story from two different perspectives. One an imagined conversation between Beaton and Chris Oliveros in which she tells him about “another whammo cartoon” she has for him. The second version shows Beaton’s memory of an initial conversation with Oliveros about her first book. Funny and affectionate, the first of these made me laugh very hard indeed. A Wide-Eyed Keen Observer: An Appreciation of Adrian Tomine Pages 301 to 303 I found this account by Francoise Mouly, art editor of the New Yorker, incredibly interesting. In it she talks not only about Tomine’s art and their professional relationship, but also about what it is in his work that makes it so special. This is a fascinating glimpse of the relationship between editor and artist and well worth checking out. Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you.

Community Policing And The Police - 1755 Words

Community policing can be dated back to the early nineteenth century. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel created the Metropolitan Police when he served as Home Secretary of England. According to Peel, the real key for policing is â€Å"the police are the people and the people are the police†. Peel believed that prevention of crime could be accomplished without intruding into the lives of the citizens. His first principle was that the â€Å"basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder†. Public approval and cooperation are the basis of Sir Robert Peel stated that the ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions and they must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public (Larrabee, 2007). There has been a movement in the United States police reform which has resulted in a powerful emergent from community policing and Compstat. Community policing is understood to be an especially dedicated group formed from the local police department. These officers work with particular area in which the rate of crime should be reduced through proactive measures which include but are not limited to: taking a vested interest in the desires of the public, forming relationships and partnerships with the public, and appropriate training for both officers and citizens for the program. These efforts are designed to decrease neighborhoodShow MoreRelatedPolice Policing And Community Policing1513 Words   |  7 Pages Community Policing How effective is community policing? Community policing has several different definitions. In this paper I will prove that community policing is effective by defining, community policing as the police and citizens coming together to create a safe community, stop crime and resolve problems and also urgently responding to the community. Throughout many years, the people’s view of community policing have remained the same. There are some valid causes as to whyRead MorePolice Policing And Community Policing Essay1245 Words   |  5 PagesIntro There are a series of variations of the definition of community policing. Community policing is a system ran for police officers within communities so that they can become familiar with local citizens. In majority of cities, the relationship that is already between officers and community citizens end up going wrong because not the ‘right’ officer gets put where they need to be. State officials hire officers from small towns and put them in the city, or it’s the case where city officers areRead MoreCommunity Policing And The Police Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pages Community policing is a police procedure forced to make a superior relationship between the police and the group. Community policing is characterized as a synergistic exertion between the police and the group that distinguishes issues of wrongdoing and clutter and includes all components of the Community in the look for answers for these issues. Does people group based policing achieve social orders coveted result and desires? This is one of many inquiries we may have about the genuinely new andRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Since the surface of Community policing in the 1970’s and making the mark of influence on the strategies of policing throughout the United States, community policing has slowly become the direction of police interaction (Sozer and Merlo, 2013). Originally, having a breakthrough of helping reduce crime in the larger cities of America, smaller cities took the initiative and began the tactic of using community policing in the same efforts to reduce crime in local communities (Sozer and Merlo, 2013)Read MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1444 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to COPS and the U.S. Department of Justice, community policing begins with a commitment to building trust and respect between police and communities. Many police department and citizens within the communities collaborate and they more effectively address underlying issues, change negative behavioral patterns, and allocate resources. Bureau of Justice Statistics defines community policing as, â€Å"A philosophy that promotes organizational strategies, which support the systematic use of partnershipsRead MorePolice Enforcement And Community Policing1657 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past few decades community policing has become a new trend in law enforcement. A majority of contemporary police departments now claim to use community policing. Community policing builds on basic policing practices with an emphasis on crime prevention and lasting solutions to problems. Community policing was established in the 1970s, but did not become popular until the 1990s. The goal of community policing is to rebuild the bond between citizens and police officers, while at the sameRead MoreCommunity Policing And The Police Department Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesCommunity policing began in the 1980s, based off of work performed at Michigan Sate University (Police Studies Book). However, the Anytown Police Department has not been a part of this method of policing until now. The department’s management feels that community policing would be effective to treat several issues we have been experiencing of late, including our faltering relationship with minorities and with the poor and middle classes. Many, broad sweeping, changes will need to be made to the departmentRead MoreCommunity Policing : A New Partnership Between The Police And The Community1285 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity policing is now widely spread around the world due to its overwhelming popularity and effectiveness. This policing model is even being â€Å"sold† as perhaps the best policing model for modern society. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux define community policing as â€Å"a philosophical and an organizational strategy that promotes a new partnership between the people and their police† (Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux p.6). The central idea of such policing is to create a sustainable partnership between the policeRead MorePolice Presence And Implementing Community Policing2096 Words   |  9 Pagesyou ever wondered why our communities are struggling, neighbors are fighting and everyone is against one another? This is because as a community not everyone is working on the mission to provide a safe and clean environment. A community includes residents, law enforcers, and government officials all working cohesively to provide better quality of life in our neighborhoods. In today’s society, we are trying to focus on the third era of policing known as community policing where the goal is to improveRead MorePolice Agencies Implement Community Policing, And Problem Oriented Policing Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pages Do Canadian police agencies implement community policing, and problem oriented policing? and if so do they work? In this paper, this paper will examine the two different styles of policing in a contemporary society. Community policing where the main emphasis is that the police and the community work together on issues, and problem-oriented policing where the police try and understand specific issues within the community. It will also examine several examples of different policing agencies in Canada

Analysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell - 1782 Words

In the novel 1984, by George Orwell, the government of Oceania is able to have supreme control over its population. The citizens of Oceania live in angst of the â€Å"Big Brother.† This instills a great amount of fear in the citizens who believe they must fulfill the government s expectations. The government not only invaded the person privacy of the Oceanic citizens, but they took away their basic human rights. By stiripping its citizens of their rights, like freedom of speech, The Party is able to crush any thought of rebellion. The people have no say in their government and are unable to make their own decisions regarding their own lives. The government forces the citizens to do certain things and abide by certain rules that they do not want to follow. This excessive control causes individuals like the main character, Winston Smith, to deceive their government in secret. During the novel, the government takes advantage of its power and uses it to an extreme which causes a major influence in the life of Winston Smith. In 1984, power gives the government the ability to successfully influence the behavior of others and control the citizens of Oceania. Throughout the novel, Orwell emphasizes how language and power have a symbiotic relationship with each other. In today’s world, language is an overlooked luxury that allows individuals to express themselves without worry of being restricted or suppressed. The party sees the use of language as a threat to its power, so itShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1205 Words   |  5 PagesThis phenomenon is evident in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 in which the protagonist, Winston possesses critical features of a rebel. The rebellious personality of Winston is first introduced to the reader through his thoughtcrime’s. This trait is also distinctly seen through the doubts he has towards the governing party. Finally, the characteristic of rebellion is also successfully shown through Winston’s desire for happiness. It is evident that through the novel 1984, Winston is a rebellious characterRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwel l1220 Words   |  5 PagesIn the novel 1984, written by George Orwell, there is a place called Oceania where the government is Big Brother. The government, the Party, and the Thought Police are constantly oppressing the citizens of Oceania. Most of the people don t know that they are being oppressed, but the two main characters, Julia and Winston are able to realize this oppression and don t stand for it. Winston and Julia absolutely hate the Party, and are constant breaking the â€Å"rules† of the Party. Julia is self-centeredRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell965 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell, Winston wants to keep the humanity that so many people have lost. He sees everyone as robots controlled by the government that can no longer think for themselves, or remember any of the past before Big Brother came into power. Within the novel it seems as if people lose their humanity, but this poses the question what is hu manity? Humanity can work both with and against the government, humans can be forced to believe the ideas of the government, and the powerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1326 Words   |  6 PagesHow do you classify an individual’s freedom? Freedom can be defined as the power or right to act, speak and think without any restrictions and disciplines. George Orwell’s novel 1984, is about a dystopian society in which citizens don’t have any privacy and they are under constant surveillance by the Party. The setting of the novel describes the suppress of individuality and freedom in the society. However, Orwell’s definition of freedom is that people need to be given what they need and know theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1602 Words   |  7 Pagesupside-down society that is Nazi-Germany? While no other time period comes close, the novel we have been reading in class deals vigorously with dystopian society. 1984, by George Orwell, is a dystopian, fiction-based book that features a main character named Winston Smith, a girl named Julia, and many others who come together to make for a very intense storyline and an intriguing read. It takes place in Oceania, in 1984, while it was written in 1948. With a sense of science fiction, it’s set in near-futureRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1844 Words   |  8 Pages1984 Book Report The novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell is a highly praised and influential work in the dystopian genre. Since its release in 1949, its themes have been admired by many, and its world an alarming insight into a seemingly foreign, but very possible situation. The story is set in London, in the fictional superstate of Oceania, and more specifically â€Å"Airstrip one†, (formerly the British Isles). The main character, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party, which makes up half of theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell951 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, 1984, composed by George Orwell, presents a frightening picture, where one government has complete control of the general population. The story takes place in London, England. The government that is made in the novel is controlled by Big Brother. In 1984, the protagonist, Winston, really despises the totalitarian government, that tries to control all aspects of his life. So many freedoms that we all need to live a happy and healthy life are being stripped away from the citizens of OceaniaRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell explores the meaning of humanity and the tact ics that a totalitarian government may use to strip humanity from the people in order to maintain power. The main character Winston strives to preserve his humanity throughout the novel in his ability to think freely. The government tries to control its constituent’s thoughts, through tactics of propaganda, regulation, telescreen monitors, the thought police, and five ministries. These tactics are to control the constituentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel 1984 By George Orwell1772 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel â€Å"1984† illustrated by George Orwell emphasizes a story of love, truth, and imaginations. The story was taken place in London but during the time they were always at war with Eurasia, Eastasia, and Oceania. There were two love birds in the story, which was Winston Smith and Julia, but were separated from each other, due to disobeying policies, being betrayed by the corrupt police, and always being watched by Big Brother. Big brother is nothing, but a pie ce of paper all over the placeRead MoreCommentary Analysis of George Orwell ´s Novel: 1984897 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1984 by George Orwell, the author depicts the perfect totalitarian society, a society that has absolute control over everything pertaining to its people. The title of the novel, 1984, was meant to indicate to its readers in 1949 that the story represented a real possibility for the immediate future. If totalitarianism was not fought against, there was an actual risk that a similar civilization could come about. By demonstrating what a tyrannical society would be like, Orwell showed the control

Development Human Potential Free Essays

string(48) " may not want to tell others due to any reason\." The evaluation procedure in today’s times requires a lot of attention from the organizations as people usually have neglected this area. The companies are seen spending huge amounts on the training interventions but do not pay attention towards their evaluations and usually an informal committee is set up in order to take the feedback on the random basis. The organizations cannot ignore the evaluation phase as it is the most integral factor in assessing the resources that have been spent in the training and development of the human resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Development Human Potential or any similar topic only for you Order Now A lot of organizations refrain from going through a proper evaluation because they feel that the process is faced with a lot of challenges and is relatively difficult to incorporate in the routine training procedures (Huque Vyas, 2004). Answer # 3: Evaluating the training and development interventions have become equally important as the procedure itself as the evaluations provide the organization with a better understanding of the trainers and the trainees. The organization cannot assess the success or failure of the training interventions until there has been an evaluation for that (Pont, 2003). The evaluation itself is a complete procedure for the organization to follow and has to go through a lot of challenges in order to get the procedure done. The organizations today are spending a lot of their resources in evaluating the intervention procedures in order to make sure that their training and intervention procedures are effective and result oriented (Phillips Phillips, 2004). The foremost challenge that is in front of the management is the criteria for measurement. The evaluation is basically a way to measure the success of the training and development interventions. Thus it has become a huge challenge for the organizations as it is very difficult to set the criteria for the measurement. The organization has to be very prudent when identifying the variables that would be required in gauging the efficiency of the training interventions. The importance for this factor can be assessed from the fact that if these measurement criteria have been set incorrect the organization would have to pay in the short run and even in the long run. The organizations base their future training programs and the future training objectives on the results of the evaluation which is considered a valuable asset by various organizations (Gatewood, Feild, Murray, 2007). Thus if the criteria selected is incorrect the organization may come up with the future program which may contain factors which are incorrect and based on erroneous results. The organization therefore has to pay a lot of attention while identifying the measurement criteria for the evaluation of the training and development interventions to make sure that they are on the right path and the resources are not wasted but channelized in the right direction (Ivancevich, n. d. ). Measurement remains the first issue but one of the other most integral issue which the organizations are facing today is in regard with the proper resources and trained staff that could do an in depth evaluation of the program (Brostek, 2000). In the days of recession the organizations have to face a lot of criticism by the stake holders in spending huge amount on the employee development. A lot of critiques consider it to be a waste of resources to invest labor and capital in the training of the employees. Today companies have become pretty weak in terms of their financial position due to which they are not in the position right now to spend ample amount in the training of the employees. Thus, there is a huge challenge in front of the management to get an approval for spending resources in training their human capital by the other stakeholders of the organization (Brostek, 2000). Companies today are faced with a major challenge in terms of their spending patterns with respect to the employee training. Companies do realize the importance of the training of the employees and want to spend more for it but are restricted immensely by their financial conditions and the slowing economy. Organizations have a set budget for the development of their human resources beyond which they are not allowed to spend. Thus this has become a huge challenge as they have to channelize the limited resources that they have very efficiently in order to get the maximum out of the evaluation (Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick, 2006). Other than that the organizations today are facing problems in acquiring highly skilled employees who would be able to do an in depth evaluation of the training interventions. As already mentioned above the evaluation itself is a complete procedure, thus organizations need to hire highly skilled employees who should be well trained in the evaluation procedures and may get accurate and correct results for the organization (Bramley an, 2003). The evaluation phase does not only end once the data has been gathered properly by the skilled professionals but a thorough understanding is also required in order to assess and evaluate the data properly. The correct result depends upon the correct understanding of the data that has been gathered. It is a huge challenge for the managers to make sure that the data that has been gathered is not misunderstood or misinterpreted in any way because this may make the whole evaluation procedure a failure (Armstrong, 2003). Evaluation refers to the feedback from the trainers and the trainees. Getting a feedback at times is not easy and the organization has to go through a lot of difficulties in order to get the correct feedback. A lot of participation and co operation is required form all levels of employees in the organization. Any sort of rigidness form any one in the organization may make it difficult for the firm to get the feedback (Training and development evaluation in Jordanian banking organisations, 2009). The managers face a huge challenge in terms of getting co operation form the trainers and the trainees as the people may not be very comfortable sharing their response or may not want to tell others due to any reason. You read "Development Human Potential" in category "Papers" At times people may even manipulate the results of the evaluation by providing biased data to the managers which may pollute the whole study. The managers have to make sure that the purpose of the evaluation has been communicated properly within the whole organization and every one in the company understands how important the evaluation is for the training procedures. This would help the managers in getting the support from all over the organization without which the managers may not be able to accomplish their mission (Benjamin Bloom’s Taxonomy of Learning Domains – Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor Domains – design and evaluation toolkit for training and learning, n. d. ). Proper evaluation is only possible in the case when both the trainer and the trainees are ready to co operate and give the correct feedback. At times either of them may be biased in their response due to any personal factor which may contaminate the complete evaluation and mislead the management. The management before going for the evaluation has to make sure that the evaluation is unbiased and no personal factors are included in the results. This is practically impossible thus the organization has to make sure that it minimizes the biasness to the maximum level (Rae, 2002). The managers have to make sure that the data they gather from the evaluation is sufficient to provide correct finding and is able to achieve the objective of the evaluation. Otherwise the whole process may become nullified and would be a waste of resources and time. The managers have to ensure that whatever tools are required to gather the evaluation data have provided enough data which to validate the study (Donovan Townsend, 2004). Selecting the right tools to gather the data is another challenge in front of the managers. Today managers have various different tools to gather data for the evaluation of the training programs. It is very difficult for the organization to decide on which tools are the best in the given conditions for the organizations to gather data. The managers have to be very prudent while deciding on how to get the data for the evaluation (Evaluation Tools, n. d. ). The organizations have various tools like focus groups, questionnaires and one on one interview and observations. All these tools have their specific characteristics which may be advantageous for the organization at various times. The criteria for choosing the tool may differ from organization to organization and may even depend on the personalities of the respondents for the evaluation. Where the managers may feel that their respondents would not be able to communicate their ideas properly they would go for observation and try to gather data via either their own observations or the expert’s observation (Knox, 2002). The tool itself has a lot of impact on the result of the study as the level of biasness may vary in each tool. For example observation may be very biased as the observer may be paying selective attention and ignoring things that he may not want to. Focus group may also be biased as it has a moderator who may play a major role in manipulating the discussions in the focus groups (Clarkson, 2001). Thus the managers today have a lot of pressures in terms of selecting the right tools for gathering the data as the tool has to be the most appropriate one and has to match the conditions and the type of respondents. Evaluation is a complete procedure which the company has to follow. It is not easy for the managers to formulate the evaluation process and a complete and thorough insight is required by the managers to formulate the evaluation procedures for the training and development interventions. The managers today are facing a lot of difficulties in deciding on the various steps that are required to initialize the procedure at the beginning and then come up with a step by step procedure. Other than that the managers also have to ensure that the steps that they follow are in the right order so that the evaluation procedure is correct. The formulation of the procedure also requires the managers to have a thorough insight of the training and development interventions so that they may make sure that the process is not leaving any loop holes during the evaluation phase. (Training Evaluation, n. d. ) Answer # 4: Training and development interventions have become very important for any organization. Training allows the employees to be at pace with the changing employing conditions in the world. The training though remains incomplete without the evaluation phase where the organization can benefit by taking feedback from the trainers and the trainees. The evaluation completes the training and development intervention procedure as it enables the organization to get an insight on the objectives, the loop holes and other aspects of the training and development intervention procedure (George Snell, 2007). By evaluating the training and development interventions the company is able to exactly know hoe successful it has been in implementing the interventions. Since all these interventions requires a lot of time and money to be spent by the company, thus it is of very importance to the company to analyze how beneficial the strategies have been for the company and what are the points where there were certain loop holes that can be taken care of (Evaluating Training, n. d. ). The training and development interventions are required to modify the ongoing training within an organization. Though the implementation alone is not enough, the organization may not want to only spend their resources without any sort of evaluations. The evaluation is a tool that does not only provide ample data to assess the company’s training interventions on the short term basis but is also a tool that can be used to formulate the strategies or the roadmap for the long term (Cummings Worley, 2008). Evaluation not only identifies the results obtained by the current techniques applied but at the same time gets a feedback from the internal and external audiences. The feedback can serve as the most important opportunity for the organization as it can use it for the further trainings. The feedback itself would prove to be the biggest opportunity for the organization as because of the feedback the organization would be able to identify all sorts of loop holes that may exist in the current intervention systems of the organization. The company may be able to spot what are the places where the company is lagging behind and needs to cover up (Nilson, 2003). This would bring the company in a better position to formulate the future learning and development interventions for the employees. Thus the company would then be able to make better strategies that would be the improved version of the intervention strategies adopted by the organization. Evaluation is the best way to measure the success of the organization. By evaluating the development and training intervention strategies the organization may be in the best position to see any mistakes that have been done in the current training sessions. The human development is a very integral part of the organization where a lot of organizations spend huge amounts just to make sure that their employees are trained in the best manner. Companies can set their goals before the training and development interventions which would then be used in formulating the training program. Later the evaluation would be the best way by which the organization can assess the extent to which the goals have been achieved. This would help the organizations in setting its future objectives and missions based on the past results of the evaluation (Trainee’s Feedback, n. d. ). Evaluation would give the organization an insight for reviewing, adjusting and revising goals. By evaluation, the organization is in a better state to review its goals and incorporate any required changes. The organization would be able to come up with a revised and an improved training and development interventions which would benefit the organizations and the employees individually. The training process is required to be with minimal errors and maximum results. The upper management of the organization is very keen regarding the whole training process and any interventions that are done in the organization. Thus evaluation proves to be the best way by which the organization can reduce the amount of mistakes that can be done in the training and development interventions. By evaluation the organization may be able to get the response from the trainers and the trainees and then avoid any mistakes that have been done in the previous sessions (Why Training Evaluation? , 2006 ). This would help in reducing the organization cost as it would not then waste its resources on committing mistakes but instead would be able to properly channelize the resource without committing any fallacies. The organization by doing constant evaluations can avoid any mistakes and can come up with the training and development interventions with zero error, that is, that would get maximum results which would justify the huge amount that is spend on training the human resources in the organization (Evaluation of Recruitment and Training, n. d. ). Avoiding mistakes in the training procedure does not only reduce cost but at the same time gets maximum results for the organization. Evaluation identifies the loop holes in the current procedures which can then be rectified in the future. This would help the organization in making the trainings more effective and result oriented. The employees of the organization may be able to increase their productivity which would be very beneficial for the organization. Evaluation is a way of taking response from the trainees. This is a way of decentralizing the organization by which the employee’s response would be incorporated in the training and development procedures of the organization. This would act as the motivator for the employees as they would know that their response would be considered as very important for the training interventions. The employees would be able to increase their productivity and the whole organization would work together to come up with a better intervention procedures (Employee Satisfaction Survey, n. d. ). Evaluations provide an organization to prepare a relevant and appropriate training program for the organization which can prove to be the success factor for the organization. Human resource is considered as one of the most important factors in any organization that can become the competitive advantage for the firm. The evaluation might lead to enhance the competitive advantage by providing a correct framework for the training and development interventions. The evaluation may enable to firm to come up with the best training methods for the employees by which the company can train their employees in the best manner. Evaluation is thus the only way by which the organizations in the modern world can train their employees and make themselves differentiated via that. The evaluation can help in making the work environment better as the employees may feel respected and consider themselves as the most important asset of the organization. Thus a proper evaluation system can lead to a better working environment, improved training interventions which would all lead to an increase in the productivity of the employees and ultimately affect the earnings of the organization which is the key objective of any firm (Becker, 2009). Conclusion: Evaluating the training and development interventions is not an easy task as it requires a very prudent approach by the managers who are facing a lot of challenges today. The organizations have to be more serious while evaluating the interventions and have to utilize the maximum from the evaluation procedures as they have a lot of opportunities for the organization. How to cite Development Human Potential, Papers

College Essay, Needs Reviewing free essay sample

December 24, 2006- The one day that will forever be inscribed in my memory, for this was the last time I saw my father. There are many people in this world that can relate to me in the sense that they have dealt with divorce, but unlike me most children are able to see their parents on occasion. I do not have that luxury. I haven’t for seven years. Of all events in my life, the one-day I remember every insignificant detail about is the day my family and I moved away from my father. I was only eight years old. At such a vulnerable age I had to abandon all my friends and family. Not only were we moving out of the house, we were moving to a completely different state. The worst part of all, was I had no idea about the move until the night before. When my mother told me we were leaving, I thought it was going to be like every other time. We will write a custom essay sample on College Essay, Needs Reviewing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We would leave for a few days and then return home, where we would continue to live as if everything was perfectly normal. At this point in my life I had lost all trust in friends, family, and even myself. My life had consisted of shutting people out, allowing little to no room for hope of a happier life. I had felt let down not only by my father, but by my mother as well, for she never warned or explained to me why we were moving. December 25, 2006- This was the first day my mother, brother, and I started our journey as a broken family. At sunrise, my mother had begun the drive; it finally started to sink in. We were briskly moving farther away from my complete family, and we weren’t going back. I was just in elementary school when all of this was occurring- young, carefree and oblivious to it all. However, as time passed on I had begun to feel a vacuum in my life, sucking away everything I knew and found joy in. Not only had my surroundings changed, but the personalities of my family did as well. My mother tried her best to hide her broken heart from my little brother and I but she didn’t fool me because I saw right through her. Growing up, I had a passive anger towards my mother for making me move away from the man in my life that I held dear to my heart. I never shared some of my most important memories with my father, and I will never be daddy’s little girl. Yes, this still bothers me but I have come to realize my mother had to make this decision for the good of our family. It was not until this year that my mother had told me the reasons for their separation. My father hurt her, not physically, but the emotional damage he had inflicted on her was just as destructive as any bruise or broken bone. She was only trying to protect us from receiving that same pain. Time after time, my mother has given me the option to see my father, but all I can think about when he crosses my mind is how he hurt his own family due to selfish actions. Ultimately, experiencing this event has not only caused me to become a stronger and more independent individual, but it has also caused me to value, understand, and respect the people who would do anything for those they care most about. If you truly care about someone, you will do whatever it takes to make sure they are taken care of. I have grown in the sense that I am willing to do what it takes to make sure my family is in good hands, as well as my future.

Geological History Of Pa Essays - Geology Of New Jersey,

Geological History Of Pa The earth is an ever-changing chunk of rock to put it at the lowest level of comprehension available. This rock that we call home is brewing with billions of life forms and is constantly changing every day. This can be attributed to the various cycles that are at work on this planet of our, from the hydrological system to the rock cycle the earth is an ever changing form. Pennsylvania is just a small part of this system we call our home. Formed millions of year ago by tectonic collisions and molten rock Pennsylvania is a part of the earth full of specially minerals and geological features that stand out as being come of the best in the world. What would our state be with out its coalmines and steel mills. Which of course are only possible through the unique geographic features of our state. The Pre-Achaean, Achaean and Proterozoic Eras. Geologists believe that Pennsylvania was formed by parts of the Laurentian continental crust block. This crust block is made up of many micro plates, which were accreted during the period from about 2.5 billion to 1.0 billion years ago. This was previously part of an even larger crustal block called Rodinia. Geologist believes that PA is full of rocks that were once part of this crustal block. These rocks are known as the Greenville rocks. Greenville rocks are metamorphic rocks composed mainly of gneiss. Some of these rocks are visible in Southeastern PA but most are buried deep within the surface of PA. The Cambrian and Ordovician Periods This is really the period that life started to develop in the state of Pennsylvania. Now how did life star in this state you may ask, well here is how. At the start of the Cambrian period water from the Ocean spread inland across North America. Pennsylvania got in the way of this and was covered with a shallow layer of water which created unique environments for both life as well as the opportunity of new deposition of sediment. This water cover also had a big part in eroding away water channels as well as leaving large deposits of sediment. During the late Ordovician era materials from the arc and the floor of the Ocean were thrust onto the North American plate. This phenomena was called Taconic orgogeny, this played an important part in the development of mountains in PA. This Taconic orogeny created the mountains that lay to the northeast of PA. The Taconic orogeny, which deposited many harmful types of sediment, also saw the end to many life forms due to this heavy disposition of harmful materials. The Silurian Period During this period the mountains that were formed by the Taconic orogeny were still a good source of sediments. PA was covered with clastic sediment form these mountains for the first half of this 25 million year period. Sand and gravel composed mainly of quartz were deposited by stream to the eastern parts of the state. There was also quartz sand carried further west and deposited on the beaches and shores. Even today some of this sediment can still be found along the linear ridges of the Appalachian Mountain section of the Ridge and Valley province. In the western part of the state more mud was deposited then anything and even further west was the disposition of carbonate. This was also the time when many rocks were being chemical weathered and creating large amounts of iron, which were later, mined throughout most of the 1800's. The mountains that were created by the Taconic Orogreny were eroded during this time and stopped becoming a source of clastic sediment. In the northwester n part of PA during this time a supersaturated basin had formed with limited circulation. Once this basin evaporated the area was left full of gypsum and halite. This was also a crucial period for life. It saw the first fish appear on the earth. The Devonian Period This period was a relatively slow time for PA until the end of it. This period saw more deposition of carbonate for a few million more years. It also saw the formation of the Acadian Mountains. These were formed just east of PA when there was a collision

Rosalind Elsie Franklin essays

Rosalind Elsie Franklin essays Born on July 25, 1920 in London, England, Rosalind Elise Franklin was a catalyst to many other scientists in the field of genetics. Using coal and carbon as subjects, Franklin discovered the double helix of DNA, the shape that two linear strands of DNA assume when bonded together. In 1945, Franklin received her Ph. D in physical chemistry from Cambridge University. The next year she went to Paris and worked in the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de LEtat until 1950 where she concentrated her studies on x-ray diffraction methods. In 1951, Franklin returned to England to work as an associate to John Randall at Kings College. While Maurice Wilkins, a scientist, was away, Franklin was put in charge of his DNA project. Wilkins returned to think that Franklin was a lowly technical assistant mainly because of the discrimination against women at that time. During her studies, Franklin took pictures of the DNA structure using her own technique discovering a helical structure. Through this technique, Franklin discovered that there were two types of DNA, dry A-form and wet b-form. B-form being the DNA that exist within our bodies. She also located the position of phosphate sugars in DNA. With this technique, the locations of atoms can be precisely mapped by looking at the crystal under an x-ray beam. Unfortunately, unlike with visible light, there is no known way to focus x-rays with a lens. This causes an x-ray microscope to be impossible to use unless someone finds a way of focusing x-rays. So it is necessary to use crystals to diffract x-rays and create a diffraction pattern. Crystals are important because by definition they have a repeated unit cell within them. The x-ray diffraction from one unit cell would not be significant. Fortunately, the repetition of unit cells within a crystal amplifies the diffraction enough to give results that can turn into a pictur ...

The School of Journalism and Mass Communication Essay

The School of Journalism and Mass Communication - Essay Example Yet, what we communicate is even more important than how we communicate. The School of Journalism and Mass Communication would give me the deeper knowledge I require to pursue a career in Public Relations and Event Planning. My obligation to the field is to bring a solid foundation rooted in the many issues I will face in tomorrow's world of Journalism and Mass Communication. I have long aspired to work in the field of communications. During the last two years I have worked as an event planner, helping the staff promote and produce events for our clients. This exposure has worked to heighten my dedication to pursue this area as I have found it fascinating as well as enjoyable. I have gotten great self-satisfaction working with people as we crafted the messages and images required to produce a successful event. This experience has taught me the importance of the details that can only be acquired through a continued and quality education. It is the many facets of communication that I hope to gain from the School of Journalism and Mass Communication. My previous studies have focused on my eventual attendance in the higher level courses of communications. I have always strived to maintain a high level of academic success and in the fall of 2005 I was recognized by John Cabot University for this achievement.

Critique a Research Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Critique a Research Study - Essay Example A number of recommendations for practice, policy and research were made in the light of these findings. The problem that the paper seeks to address is the need to find better ways of supporting the rising number of cases in Canada where an elderly woman is cared for in the community by an adult daughter. This problem has arisen partly because of the demographics of Canada, which show a lengthening of life expectancy in general, and a predicted rise in the number of age related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and other kinds of dementia. Another factor that is causing the numbers of such cases to rise is the rising cost of care home provision, and the closure of many care homes, leaving by far the majority of dementia sufferers to be cared for by their families in the community, often with little or no support from professional carers. The purpose of this study is then to address this gap in the literature and investigate the perceptions and experiences of mothers who a re suffering from dementia and who are cared for by their adult daughters. Literature Review Since the emergence of feminist theories in the middle of the twentieth century there has been a growing awareness of the particular problems and issues that face women in largely patriarchal Western societies. Considerable research has been carried out on the relocation of care from home to a residential setting and even here the continuing care of family members can be beneficial to dementia sufferers, so long as the relationship and interaction between professional care staff and family carers is carefully managed. A study by Maas et al. (2004) on a Family Involvement in Care Intervention carried out in 14 American care home settings concluded that the use of such a structured program improved the caregiving experience of family members in nursing homes, and also had positive effects on the attitudes of nursing home staff towards family caregivers. Dementia affects whole families, because it changes the way that the dementia patient relates to others, and requires adjustments in the way that the family sees the mother role in particular. A study by Mui (1995) confirmed that families who enjoyed good relationships before the onset of dementia generally coped better with the diagnosis and rallied round to provide better care for their loved one, than families which had previously had strained relationships. Because care in the community is a relatively recent phenomenon, there has until now been a focus on care home treatments of dementia, with less research into women with dementia who remain in the community. When this has occurred, it has often focused on the effects of the situation on carers, who can suffer stress due to the demanding nature of the illness (McCarty, 1996). There has been very little research from the perspective of the patients themselves, especially when they are cared for in their own home and outside the mainstream healthcare system. The paper by Ward-Griffin et al. (2006) builds on these earlier studies and takes them one step further by eliciting views directly from women with dementia themselves. Theory This paper explicitly states that it is guided by feminist and life-course perspectives (Ward-Griffin et al., 2004, p. 183). This implies an awareness of the social context of care, and the expectations, inequalities and pressures that Canadian society attaches

Empirical Evidence Make Progress In Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Empirical Evidence Make Progress In Knowledge Philosophy Essay The dictionary definition of empirical evidence is evidence relating to or based on experiment and observation (rather than theory) or on practical experience (without reference to scientific principles). This type of evidence is necessary for a theory, in different areas of knowledge, to be confirmed. Empirical methods are generally used to base a theory or derive a conclusion in sciences (such as the natural sciences or the human sciences) after collecting all the necessary data. The meaning of the word empirical derives from the ancient Greek word for experience (ÃŽÂ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±), which means knowledge based on direct perception of things or events through our senses. Therefore, empirical data is information that is derived from the trials and errors of experience. In this way, the empirical method is similar to the experimental method. The empirical method is generally characterized by the collection of a large amount of data, with or without much idea of what to expect. The empirical method is necessary in entering completely unexplored fields, and becomes less empirical as the acquired knowledge of the field increases. Throughout centuries researchers use empirical research and evidence to test reality i.e. to test the state of things as they actually exist, basing their findings on direct or indirect observation. This kind of research is mainly applied to empirical sciences, mainly the natural sciences and the human (social) sciences. In these areas knowledge should be based on observable phenomena capable of being experimented for their validity by other researchers working under the same conditions. In natural sciences empirical evidence is crucial and scientists can count on this to continue experimenting and make progress discovering new sights. The core skill of a scientist is to make observations, i.e. receive knowledge of the outside world through the senses. The scientist sees, hears, or in some other way notices whats going on in the world and becomes curious about whats happening. This also includes reading and studying what others have done in the past since scientific knowledge is cumulative. In physics, for example, when Newton came up with his Theory of Motion, he based his hypothesis on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo as well as his own, newer observations. Another example is Darwin who formed his Theory of Evolution based on the works of other naturalists but mainly on observations during his voyage to chart the coastline of South America, a voyage that lasted almost 5 years, during which Darwin spent most of the time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections  [2]  . In chemistry, the most important issues of atomic theory have been proved experimentally and nobody doubts about the existence of i.e. atoms. Nowadays, everybody knows and nobody can deny that all elements are made of atoms and all atoms have a nucleus. Moreover, science and technology helped to discover and study the tiny world of atoms. For example, nucleus, the massive centre of the atom was discovered in 1911, but it took scientists another 21 years of experimenting to identify its parts (protons, neutrons, electrons). In addition, for many years scientists thought that there was nothing smaller than the proton or the neutron in the nucleus of the atom. In 1968, they discovered that there are new particles inside the proton and the neutron (the quarks) that are even smaller. As we can see, chemical theory is confirmed by detailed agreement with experimental results, although, it takes scientists many years of experimenting and observation. Biology is the science that studies life mainly from an experimental perspective. Observations and experiments are used vastly to help scientists gather information and make conclusions on several aspects. For example, in biology, disease resides in cells (and, perhaps ultimately, in genes), but we know this because cellular dysfunction can be demonstrated experimentally. In addition, disease can best be controlled by attending to cellular function and dysfunction and by intervening to manipulate the cell using techniques that have empirically demonstrated effectiveness. In human sciences the situation is different. Sciences such as Psychology have just recently managed to convince people that they are credible. This has been mainly achieved because through observations and experimenting it has produced quantifiable, repeatable results based on empirical evidence. In other sciences such as Economics, Economists have conducted controlled experiments constructed to observe participants reactions to specific situations. However, in many cases behaviour is governed more by emotion than by reason. In all human sciences, the experiments are performed on human beings, using relatively small sample sizes and artificial environments which make the results difficult to generalise. Nevertheless, no one can deny the usefulness of observations on human behaviour during differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In other areas of knowledge, such as Mathematics, the methods used to verify knowledge are independent of experience. Of course they involve an objective, careful and systematic study of an area of knowledge, but facts depend on reasoning alone as in the equation 1+1=2 for example. Mathematics is considered to be the science of rigorous truth and an island of certainty in an ocean of doubt. In such areas of knowledge, empirical evidence cannot be used to make progress. However, one of its main branches, geometry, actually started as a natural, empirical science. Hilbert made important contributions to both axiomatic geometry and to general relativity. Of course, a geometrical theory in physical interpretation can never be validated with mathematical certainty, no matter how extensive the experimental tests to which it is subjected. Like any other theory of empirical science, it can acquire only a more or less high degree of confirmation. Indeed, the demand for mathematical certainty in empirical matters is misguided and unreasonable, since mathematical certainty of knowledge can be only attained at the price of analyticity and thus of complete lack of factual content  [3]  . This is also summarised in Einsteins words: As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. The same stands for areas such as history, art, and religion. Religion, for example, is purely a matter of faith. People who choose to believe in God do not have evidence to support it and people who choose not to believe in God do not have evidence that there is no God. There is also no more evidence for any one God than for any other. It is just as sensible to worship the Gods of the ancient Greeks or Egyptians as it is to worship modern deities. Everybody must decide for himself or herself which religion (if any) to follow. And, when people decide to follow one religion, they believe that God exists even if their belief cannot empirically verified or falsified. Their belief is mainly based either on intuition or on some more or less intense personal religious experience. Some others have faith and their belief is based on the feeling that there must be something. As we see, whether or not God exists is something that cannot be proved (scientifically) by experimentation or observ ation, therefore, the existence of God is something that different people have different intuition about. As regards arts, From the above, I believe that empirical evidence used in the form of observation, experience, or experiment should be used in natural and human sciences, in order to provide accurate and unbiased information. This information will consist a reliable guide for future generations, which will be based on this information to make the necessary progress through further investigation. From the examples given, it is obvious that researchers should never stop examining, questioning and experimenting in order for new findings to come to light. Previous knowledge and experimental results form a solid base for new discoveries that make progress and evolve sciences. Above all, however, every scientist should question and analyse any findings in the most objective way and not allow prejudice influence his thoughts and his results. No hypothesis or theory can be called scientific or accepted if it lacks empirical evidence in favour. Therefore, empirical evidence can be use both to accept or counter any scientific hypothesis or theory. http://www.experiment-resources.com/empirical-evidence.html Read more: http://www.experiment-resources.com/empirical-evidence.html#ixzz0gIvSLOZN There is no evidence to support the doctrines of a particular religion. After all, certainty cannot be found in any area of knowledge. Even if we prove something by experiment or observation, it may turn out to be false after some years or more. The complete work of Charles Darwin on line (http://darwin-online.org.uk/) http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=sideitemID=F10.3pageseq=1

Music and Brain Development Essay

There are three major perspectives on the positive impact of music education to the core curricula in school. The study on how music shares value to brain development has opened new views for all educators. According to the study of Neurological Research in February 1997, music develops abstract reasoning skills needed for the learning process of children in math and science. It was proven that training in music is more efficient than computer learning for teaching math and science skills (Peretz and Zatorre, 2005).   It was reported that music training could be more effective than computer instruction for teaching these skills. The findings were the result of a two year experiment with preschoolers by Rauscher et. Al. Wriht et al in 1997, compared the effects of musical and non-musical training on intellectual development as a follow-up to their studies on music can enhance spatial-reasoning. They concluded that music enhanced brain functions that were required for learning mathematics, science and engineering (Brust, 2003). Several studies have suggested that beginning music training early corresponds to greater growth in certain areas of the brain (Schlang et al, 2003). For example, researchers in Germany identified the planum temporale, a part of the left hemisphere as the region of the brain responsible for the perfect pitch and speech. This term used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look at the planun temporale in non-musicians and professional musicians, some with perfect pitch and some without it. They discovered that the planum temporale in those with perfect pitch was twice as large as the other groups. Also with perfect pitch has started a music lesson before age seven. Rauscher et al. (1997) found that musicians had thicker nerve fibers in the corpus callosum, the part of the brain that carries signals between the two hemispheres, if they started keyboard training before the age of seven. Babo (2001) discussed, researchers, work at the University of Konstanz in Germany which focused that exposure to music helped to rewire neural circuits. They concluded that the brains of pianists were more efficient at making skilled movements than the brains of others. These findings suggested that musical training could enhance brain function (Trainor and Schmidt, 2003). Schlaug et al. (1995) used MRI to discover that musicians who started studying music before the age of 7 had regions in their brains (the corpus callosum and the right motor cortex) that were larger than corresponding regions in both non-musicians and musicians whose training began at a later age. However, in response to questions about his study, Schlaug et al preferred not to recommend when music should be taught, since some very skilled musicians began performing in their twenties or thirties. Schlaug et al. also reported that most musicians who have perfect pitch started music lessons before the age of seven. However, according to Diamond and Hopson (1998), â€Å"early music training is associated with more growth in this one particular brain region†¦. if training starts later or is absent altogether, perfect pitch rarely shows up† (p. 4). Zatorre (2003) reported evidence that infants are born with nervous systems devoted exclusively to music. Studies are showing that early and ongoing musical training can help organize and develop children’s brains. In a study to determine the effect of systematic prenatal musical stimulation by observing musical behaviors exhibited between birth and 6, Fujioka et al (2006) found that infants who received systematic prenatal musical stimulation exhibited â€Å"remarkable attention behaviors.   Those infants could imitate accurately sounds made by adults (including non-family members), and appear to structure vocalization much earlier than infants who did not have prenatal musical training† (p. 21).   Only quite the researches focused on the prenatal musical training of the fetus. Personal Reflection I believe that musicians have more active contribution to brain development because they are required to perform in more complex sequences of finger movements. Musicians are regularly adapting to decisions on tempo, tone, style, rhythm, phrasing and feeling-training the brain to become incredibly good at organizing and performing a lot of activities all at the same time. Musicians in my point of view, exercise orchestration that have better payoff for lifelong attention skills, intelligence and skills in self-knowledge and self-expression. In my own opinion, there is a significant relationship between music and brain development. There is an interrelationship between music and education because of the eight basic intelligences:   linguistic; logical-mathematical; spatial; bodily-kinesthetic; musical; interpersonal; intrapersonal; and naturalist. Although, these intelligences are different from musical intelligences:emotional, spiritual and cultural than the other kinds of intelligences. Most importantly, he assumed that music could help some organize the way they think and work by helping them develop in other areas, such as math, language, and spatial reasoning. Gardner criticized school districts that sacrificed music in children’s education, calling them â€Å"arrogant and ignorant about the value of music education† (p. 142). Essay 2-The Mozart Effect Rauscher et al. (1993) used the term Mozart effect to describe the results of their study on the relationship between music and spatial task performance. It is based on the ear’s role in the development of movement, balance, language and pre-verbal communication as well as the integration of neurological responses stimulated by music The Mozart effect also refers to the way music is used to enhance the quality of life. For example, music helps children in obtaining good health, education, and creativity (Cjabris, 1999).   Rauscher et al. (1997) gave a group of college students three 10-minute-long sets of standard IQ spatial reasoning tasks: listening to a Mozart sonata for two pianos, listening to a relaxation tape, and sitting through silence. The results showed that the individuals who listened to Mozart had a distinct advantage in spatial task performance. Steele et al (1999) noted that students performed better â€Å"on the abstract/spatial reasoning tests after listening to Mozart than after listening to either the relaxation tape or to nothing† (p. 2). Although conditions differed significantly between music, silence, and relaxation, Shaw and his colleagues were careful to qualify the study results. Although spatial reasoning test scores rose as a result of listening to Mozart’s piano sonata in D major (K488), the effects were temporary. Jenkins (2001) noted that â€Å"the enhancing effect of the music condition is temporary, and does not extend beyond the 10-15 minute period during which subjects were engaged in each spatial task† (Rauscher et al., 1993, p. 2). The authors posed several questions for further research: â€Å"Could varying the amount of listening time optimize the Mozart effect? Could listening to Mozart also enhance other intelligence measures such as short-term memory, verbal reasoning, and quantitative reasoning? Would other kinds of music have an effect on IQ performance† (p. 2)? Though the answers to these questions were unclear, the authors concluded that music lacking in complexity failed to enhance performance. They also concluded that the complexity of Mozart’s music was responsible for its enhancing effect. Rauscher et al. replicated and extended these findings in 1995. They used the same tasks used in their first experiment but extended the types of listening examples used. College students were divided into 3 groups: those exposed to silence, the same Mozart music used in the 1993 study, and a piece by Philip Glass. As before, the Mozart group showed a significant increase in spatial IQ scores. Tomatis, a French physician, psychologist, and educator, researched the connection between early childhood development in the 1960s and the music of Mozart (Jenkins, 2001). College students listened to a Mozart sonata, then performed complicated visual tasks involving cutting and folding paper. However, there was no difference in the way these tasks were performed by either the students who listened to the sonata or the control groups who just relaxed before taking the test or listened to other kinds of music. Schellenberg (2006) pointed out that the studies on music instruction insubstantial overall because researchers only tried to repeat and extend their findings. For example, no one knew exactly which kind of musical training produced results and which kinds did not, who benefited most from it, and how long any intellectual gains resulting from music training lasted. In another study, Chabris (1999) reviewed previous studies and compared the effects of the Mozart recordings. Results revealed a statistically insignificant increase in the ability of individuals to complete tasks requiring spatial visualization skills and abstract reasoning. Chabris noted that â€Å"if listening to Mozart improves cognitive performance at all, it’s by improving overall cognitive arousal and concentration. It shouldn’t be viewed as an intellectual miracle drug† (p. 1). Steele (2001) agreed with Chabris, by stating that â€Å"there is a problem with the concept of classical music as Gatorade for the brain† (p. 1). A number of other researchers (Crncec et al, 2006) supported the belief that classical music does not increase basic intelligence. Rauscher, et l (1995) noted that because many researchers only measured the effect on general intelligence instead of on spatial-temporal abilities, they failed when they tried to repeat the original experiment. In 1995, Rauscher et al. replicated this study and again found that spatial-temporal reasoning improved after listening to the Mozart Sonata. Though daily exposure to Mozart’s music produced daily increases in scores, this effect did not apply to all styles of music or to all areas of intelligence. For example, Phillip Glass’ minimalist music did not enhance spatial-temporal reasoning. Further, the students’ scores did not improve when they performed a short-term memory task after listening to Mozart. Rauscher et al. (1999) concluded that â€Å"although the Mozart effect is intriguing and holds great promise for further explorations into the transfer of musical processing to other domains of reasoning, merely listening to music probably does not lead to lasting enhancement of spatial-temporal intelligence. Listening to music is a passive experience for most people, and does not require the involvement that actively creating music does† (p. 2).   This observation led researchers to suspect that actively creating music has greater benefits for spatial temporal intelligence than simply listening to it. Combining separate elements of an object into a whole or arranging them in a specific order are spatial-temporal operations. They require successive steps, which are dependent upon previous steps. Spatial-logical operations also require recognition of similarities or differences among objects and are generally one-step processes. For example, a child who is asked to classify objects according to their color or shape would be performing a spatial-logical operation. The Rauscher et al. (1999) model predicted that music training may increase spatial-temporal task scores, but not necessarily spatial-logical tasks. These studies did suggest casual relationships between music and spatial task performance. The authors concluded that music education was helpful for maximum cognitive development by demonstrating that music could improve the intellectual functioning of children. Personal Reflection In my own opinion, the study in Mozart effect is a new proof of music’s education and its importance. Since it is believed to development a child’s IQ, schools must offer music programs to help their students in a very substantial way. Music educators should work towards the inclusion of music education in the curriculum of public education. Also, the public’s perception of music education must be altered so that policymakers in education are forced to provide for conditions where music education may thrive. Many educators and researchers posit that music should be a more central part of   the school curriculum in light of studies that demonstrate a relationship between music and intellectual growth. Also, tentative research findings in support of music education have shown that people believe that there is an essential value to learning about music. Diamond (1998) argued that learning to play an instrument could increase a child’s capacity for â€Å"voluntary attention† (p. 7), while Porter (1998) concluded that music can teach â€Å"discipline, care, concentration, and perseverance† (p. 7). Music Learning and Memory for Music When memory for a sequence of visually presented letters is tested, the marked recency effect that characterizes studies of the PAS system is absent. Nonetheless, clear evidence of phonological coding is found in the form of a marked effect of phonological similarity ( Schlkind et al, 2003). auditory input. Further evidence for the interaction between self-generated phonological codes and auditory input is, of course, offered by the irrelevant speech effect. Performance is impaired by unwanted spoken material, with the crucial feature of the material being its phonological rather than its semantic characteristics, again suggesting that the interaction is occurring at a common phonological level ( Dowling, 1994). It should be pointed out at this stage, however, that the nature of the irrelevant sound is crucial. While speech in a foreign language is quite disruptive to performance, white noise is not, even when the intensity of the noise is pulsed so as to resemble the intensity envelope of the speech signal that has been shown to disrupt memory ( Dowling et al, 1995). The fact that memory is more disrupted by vocal than by nonvocal music might seem to suggest that the system is essentially speech based. It is possible, however, that the greater disruption by speech reflects the nature of the primary task, namely remembering digits, a task that is likely to operate principally in terms of the spoken names of the digits. It is entirely conceivable that a different primary task would lead to a different degree of disruption. One possibility then might be to look at studies investigating memory for environmental sounds. Unfortunately, the evidence in this area seems to be relatively sparse. Deutsch (2004) showed that their patient was better at remembering environmental sounds than spoken digits, but, unfortunately, it is possible that the task was done by first identifying the sounds and then remembering them semantically. Personal Reflection . Thinking of music memory as schematic is probably accurate for many of the interactions that both trained and untrained people have with music. However, recently I have become interested in the nature of representation when memory for music is essentially perfect. Whereas it appears that the majority of work in music cognition has examined short-term memory, I would like to examine longterm memory. By this I mean that I am interested in the way well-learned music is represented. People are able to remember a large repertory of music and retain it for many years. What kinds of codes make this retention possible? Clearly, proposing verbal codes in the traditional sense is impractical when trying to understand memory for melody (as opposed to the lyrics in vocal music). Even if we assume that a small minority of musicians can encode tunes in terms of musical structure, motor commands, or musical notation, the successful retention of music by untrained people suggests the existence of other types of durable codes. The explication of those codes has been the goal of my current program of research References    Blood, A., & Zatorre, R. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,98, 11818-11823. Brust, J. (2003). Music and the neurologist: A historical perspective. In I.Peretz, & R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 181-191). New York: Oxford University Press. Chabris, C (1999). Prelude or requiem for the ‘Mozart effect’? Nature, 400, 6747, 826-7. Crncec, R., Wilson, S., & Prior, M. (2006). No evidence for the Mozart effect in children. Music Perception, 23(4), 305- 317. Deutsch, D. (2004). The octave illusion revisited again. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30 (2), 355-364. This article can be downloaded from Psych Info and from the author’s web page. Dowling, W. J. (1994). Melodic contour in hearing and remembering melodies. In R. Aiello (Ed.) Musical perceptions, (pp. 173-190 ). New York: Oxford University Press. Dowling, W. J. , Kwak, S., & Andrews, M. ( 1995). The time course of recognition of novel melodies. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(2), 136-49. Fujioka, T., Ross, B., Kakigi, R., Pantev, C., & Trainor, L. (2006). One year of musical training affects development of auditory cortical-evoked fields in young children. Brain, 129, 2593-2608. This article can be downloaded. Jenkins, J.S. (2001). The Mozart effect. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,   94,170-172. Patel, A. (2003). Language, music, syntax and the brain. Nature Neuroscience, 6(7), 674-681. This article can be downloaded. discuss it from the neuroscientific perspective. Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. (2005). Brain organization for music processing. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 89-114. This article can be downloaded. This is an excellent review. Rauschecker, J. (2003). Functional organization and plasticity of auditory cortex. In Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. (357-365). New York: Oxford University Press. Rauscher, F. (1999). Reply to Prelude or requiem for the â€Å"Mozart effect’? Nature, 400, 6747, 827-8. Schellenberg, E. G.(2005). Music and cognitive abilities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14 (6), 317-320. This article can be downloaded. Schellenberg, E.G. (2006). Long-term positive association between music lessons and IQ. Journal of Education Psychology, 98 (2), 457-468. This article can be downloaded. Schlaug, G. ( 2003). The brain of musicians. In Peretz, I., & Zatorre, R. (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. (366-381). New York: Oxford University Press. Schulkind, A., Posner, R., & Rubin, D. (2003). Musical features that facilitate melody identification: How do you know it’s â€Å"your† song when they finally play it? Music Perception, 21, (2), 217-249. Steele, K., Dalla Bella, S., Peretz, I., Dunlop, T., Dawe, L., Humphrey, K., Shannon, R., Kirby, J. Jr., & Olmstead, C. (1999). Prelude or requiem for the ‘Mozart effect’? Nature, 400, 6747,826-7. Trainor, L., & Schmidt, L. (2003). Processing emotions induced by music. In I. Peretz, & R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 310-324). New York: Oxford University Press. Zatorre, R. (2003). Absolute pitch: A model for understanding the influence of genes and development on neural and cognitive function. Nature Neuroscience, 6 (7), pp. 692-695.   

Professional Role/Code of Ethic

Codes of Ethis on the case of Mr. E Professional Roles and Values Western Governor University State Regulations and Nursing Standards Nursing, as other medical profession, aims at helping and saving the life of other. As much as nurses and physician wants to intervene to prolong a patient life, it’s important to consider patient’s wishes. Ethically, intubating Mr. E without proper discussion and consideration of his wishes is against his living will. It’s a violation of Provision I of ANA Code of Ethics in respecting patient’s dignity.The nurse also fail to meet the Standards of Competent Performance based on California Code of Regulation, Article 4, code 1443. 5, which stated â€Å" [nurses] acts as the client’s advocate, as circumstances require, by initiating action to improve health care or to change decisions or activities which are against the interests or wishes of the client [†¦]† (p. 70) Implication. According to code 2. 1 †Å"Primacy of patient’s interest† from American Nurses Association, it’s the nurse’s commitment to respect the uniqueness of each patient, and respect patient’s wishes.Therefore, the nurse is responsible to seek for a solution if patient’s wishes are conflict with others (p. 5). Based on the above codes, the nurse in the scenario must inform Mr. Y about Mr. E’s wish. The nurse also need to assess Mr. Y understanding of risk and benefit of the procedure, so he would have all the neccesary information to make decision. Code of Ethics The Code of Ethics was developed by the American Nurses Association as a framework for ethical guideline. The work serves as a standard in assisting nurses making ethical decision.According to the ANA Code of Ethics,(2001), provision I stated that nurses must treat patient with compassion and respect the patient’s dignity, worth, and uniqueness, regardless of social and economical status, nature of hea lth problem, and person’s attributes (p. 1). In specific, the interpretive statement 1. 4, in which the focus is on patient’s right to self-determination, is appropriate to apply in this scenario. (p. 4) Impact of Code. Code 1. 4 stated that nurses respect patient’s dignity by honor his or her own wishes. Thus, it’s important to inform Mr.Y of Mr. E’s wish as â€Å"do not resuscitate† (DNR). Although Mr. E is mentally challenge, he has his own feeling and perspective on his health status. Moreover, the patient’s mental condition when he signed Advance Directive and Power of Attorney is unclear; therefore, ignoring his wishes is a false assumption and an understatement to his decision-making capabality. As a nurse in this scenario, I would inform Mr. Y of his brother wish on Advance Directive. Ethics of Putting Patient on Ventilator. Putting Mr. E on ventilator based on the niece’s permission is unethical.The decision didnâ€⠄¢t make based on patient’s best interest due to Mr. Y unawareness of Advance Directive. In addition, the niece made the decision instead of Mr. Y; therefore, the patient’s Power of Attorney was not followed completely. As the nurse, I would call Mr. Y to explain the situation and the decision of his niece. I would also inform him of the patient’s wishes in the Advance Directive. As an advocate for patient, I would also bring up the patient’s wish to the physican’s attention, and discuss the need to inform both Mr. Y and his niece of the Advance Directive.Although Ms. H doesn’t have Power of Attorney, she plays a role in assisting Mr. Y decision-making since Mr. Y called her for suggestion. Ethics of Authorizing Ventilator. Mr. Y should considers his brother’s wish based on the Advance Directive. Mr. Y should also ask for the risks and benefits of putting his brother on ventilator. As his brother, Mr. Y would want to prolong his broth er’s life; however, Mr. Y should take in account of his brother’s desire, quality of life, and the extend of suffering. If Mr. Y doesn’t agree with the Advanced Directives, Mr.Y’s authorization is valid since the Advanced Directives is not fully completed. Analysis of Mr. E’s Advanced Directives Because of Mr. E mental health status, his capabality to make decision is unclear when he signed the Advanced Directives. Moreover, according to EmedicineHealth, â€Å"it’s important that the designated power of attorney knows and understands your [the patient] wishes† (Nabili, 2012). However, family member didn’t sign the Advance Directives, and the involvement of family is unclear. Thus, the appointed Power of Attorney may not know and understand the patient’s wish.The patient and family might not discuss patient’s decision. In addition, when the decision of Mr. Y conflicts with the decision of Mr. E in Advance Directive s, the situation becomes very complicated. HIPAA Aside from Mr. E complicated situation, there are major Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) violations in the scenario. The physician violated patient’s right to privacy protection by discuss his medical condition and situation to Ms. H in the waiting room, a public place. The information was disclosed to other patients, to Ms.H’s boyfriend, and other non-related health care staff. Moreover, discussing Mr. E condition to Ms. H should be questioning because Ms. H, although she’s the patient’s niece, is not the appointed power of attorney. One of the nurse role is advocate for paient. By not protecting patient’s privacy, a nurse also violate HIPAA. The nurse, although aware of the physician violation, did not intervene to protect Mr. E’s information. Therefore, she could be hold accountable for violation of HIPAA. In this scenario, a nurse commented on ignoring HIPAA.The nurse is not only violated patient’s privacy legally, but also ethically according to ANA Code of Ethics. Besides physician and nurse, the facility is also accountable for HIPAA violation, for the facility did not reinforce the importance of HIPAA with its staff and physician. Professional Conduct As the above paragraphs discuss, the nurse fails to conduct the standard of nursing by ignoring patient’s rights for privacy protection. By stating â€Å"forget it†¦no one pays attention to HIPAA anyway,† the nurse is at risk for violating HIPAA.Beside HIPAA, the cafeteria nurses fail to act as patient’s advocacy by stating â€Å" What difference does it makes? The guy’s got diabetes, ir retarded, and is already in a nursing home. † This nurse violated Provision I in Code of Ethics by ANA in which a nurse cares for patient with compassion and respect regardless of social and economical status, personal’s attribute, and nature of health problems (p. 1). Futhermore, lack of knowledge of Advance Directives is a misconduct of Provision II in Code of Ethics by not â€Å"primacy patient’s interest† and respect patient’s wishes.Steps. To avoid misconduct of professional standard, the nurse in this scenario should talk to the physician in private about disclosing patient information. The nurse first suggests to call Mr. Y and obtain permission to discuss care with Ms. H; then the nurse must inform Mr. Y the Advance Directives as well as assess Mr. Y understanding of risks and benefits of the procedure. Obtaining informed consent from Mr. Y is also a crucial step. If Mr. Y can’t be reach in a time sensitive manner, the nurse should contact the agent that helped Mr.E with the Advance Directive; she can then obtain information related to Mr. E decision-making ability at the time, and inform doctor and charge nurse for decision-making. However, in this scenario, the nurse should notify charge nurse and higher chain of command about the situation and the violation of HIPAA. Ethical committee should be notified to consult for appropriate actions. Regarding her colleagues, the nurse should inform her supervisor, without naming name, the need to orient staff regarding HIPAA, Advance Directives, and reinforce in Code of Ethics.By taking appropriate interventions, the nurse ensures dignity in patient care and maintain respect in work environment. References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics. pdf California. (2005). California nursing practice act: With regulations and related satutes. Matthew Bender & Co. , a member of the Lexis Group. Nabili, S. (2012). Advance directives. Retrieved from http://www. emedicinehealth. com/advance_directives/page2_em. htm